Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay Firstly Edward Mybridge used 24 cameras to record the actions of Humans in Motion stop motion pictures. By this method they learned the dynamics of animal movement. In 1880s Thaumatrope two side one side with bird and other side with cage when twirl it the two image superimpose on each other and the bird will appear inside the cage because of the persistance of vission. Zoetrope is the series of images which are drawn and placed in a cylindrical object when the object revolves the images in a cylinder creates the illusion of motion and creates an animation in 1860s. 1878- THE PRAXINOSCOPE It is similar to the Zeotrope but its requiring mirrors to project the image. Emile Reynaud was the first person to opened first movie theater in Paris using the Praxinoscope. 1891- THE KINETOSCOPE The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison built on the previous models a model of his own which is considered to be the first cinema machine. It consisted of a box through which a reel of photos were passed, at a rate of 46 images per second, and lit by an incandescent lamp; the spectator could see the show through a peephole. In 1896 he shot the first movie kiss of all time. 1894- THE CINEMATOGRAPH In 1894 the French duo of Lumiere brothers created the first real movie camera. They were intrigued by the Kinetoscope and tried to build a better model themselves. They came up with a machine which the called the Cinematograph which was a combination of a camera and a projector. In 1895 they shot the first movie called Date. This movie is considered to be the birth of cinema. Flip Book is the process of drawing a picture some semilar to the another, by fliping the page the an animation is being create. The similar process is also called cel animation. Cel and Paper Animation Technique By mid of 1910s animation production in US was already controlled by the techniques of cell and paper. America was the most popular in cell animation than in Europe because of assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm.Cell Animation wass most appropriate way to the assembly line style of manufacturing because itook a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple respective duties. On the other hand in Europe where the assembly line style of work was not encouragd, clay animation and other form of animation that required only a few individuals working on the set at a time was more popular. Because the actual set can only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forums of animation became more widely accepted. Disney Cell Animation By drawing each image background and layout of scene one at a time using onion-skinning technique. The element or character which might have movement are drawn on transparent sheet of paper known as Cels and laid over the background which is static. Only moving elements need to be redrawn, backgroung can also be drawn longer and moved to give the effect of travelling. For eg- The simpsons, South park etc. These days most of the work done on Computer. Synched Sound : Steamboat Willie was released on November 18th 1928 by Disney. The first cartoon synchronized with sound titledSteamboat Willie was created by Disney. Firstly Didney tried to get a deal with RCA or Western Electronic to record the sound track of the movie but it was not succided. Then Walt signed contract with botleg Powers Cinephone process and even with disastorous finally the first sound track in a session was recorded with a 15-pice band and his own Micky squeaks. The Future of Animation 3D Animation Toy Story released November 22nd 1995 On enterance of computer graphics and 3D softwares the feature length film of high graphics can virtually be created in 3D. Toy Story is considered to be the first full length animated feature film which ever made on computer graphics. Toy Story was made by the partners Disney and Pixar. Story board of the movie to final render created in CG digital imagery. Combination of 3D 2D The Iron Giant released on 1999. If we see the Iron Giant it looks like the traditionaliy drawn cell by cell but its not true the giant robot is actually made and designed in 3D software and rendered as a 2D image. Autodesk Maya was used to design this character. One of the most important advantage in creating 3D software is that it is easy to animate no need of frame by frame drawing. Also most of the backgrond which looks like 2D were also made in 3D software and rendered as 2D image. Fishing released on 1999 Pacific Data Images use of non realistic photo, realistic water colour effect rendering in 3D software. Character Animation is all about what the character is thinking .At times, he was getting lost. Is he happy or sad? So we punched it up. Rather then having him just look up at the sky, we had him jump off the ground just a bit. That touch better communicates what he is thinking, what his feeling. Thats all I do all day long as a character animator- move 3D models to look like their thinking David Gainey Dinosaur released in 2000 With the development of the technologies of Computer Graphics it introduce a new and more realistic CGI characters accordingly those seen in Dinosaur. The creation, design and implementation of real technology of realistic digital hair on the lemurs are elaborated. Kung Fu Panda was released on November 9th 2008 with the development of advanced technology DVDs and Blue-ray Disc produced by DreamWorks Animation and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. However the concept of Kung Fu Panda has been around since 1993, but the work started on this feature film in 2004 because of the flexibility of the software flexibility or the software development. Berief History of Indian Animation Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema he produced 95 movies and 26 short films in his 19 years career. Ek Anek Aur Ekta, a short traditional animated short educational film was released in 1974 was considered as the first animated film from India from Doordarshans Film Division. The theme of the film is to teach children the value of unity. This film was the first animated films from India which was broadcast on National television channel and it was broadcast in the nations official language Hindi. The first Indian animated television series is Ghayab Aaya was released in 1986 and it is directed by Suddhasattwa Basu. And Rodeside Romeo is the first Indian 3D Animated film was written and directed by Jugal Hansraj and was produced by a joint project between Yash Raj Films and the Indian Division of the Walt Disney Company. Development of Animation Principles: Almost all of the principles of traditional animation were developed at the Walt Disney Studios in 1930s. The principles of the animation were developed to make good animation, especially character animation, more realistic and entertaining. All the principle which was developed during the traditional animation is applied to 3D CG animation. There are 28 Principles of Animation out of those 12 principles are considered as basic but most important principles of animation introduced by the Disney animators Ollie Johnstone and Frank Thomas in 19 81 in the book called The Illusion of Disney Animation. Their effort is to produce more realistic animations The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation on the work of the leading Disney animators from the 1930 onward. The book and its principles have become generally adopted and have been referred as the Bible of the Animation Industry. The principles are still having the great relevance or the computer graphics animation.

The 1996 Margin of Victory for U.S. House Incumbents :: Politics Political Election Government Essays

The 1996 Margin of Victory for U.S. House Incumbents In 1996, the American public reelected 357 members to the United States House of Representatives; of those running for reelection, 95% succeeded. Several congressmen received a large margin of victory over their political opponents, similar to election results of the past. Trends in American politics have been the overwhelming reelection rates of House incumbents as well as large margins of victory over challengers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing incumbents’ margin of victory in the 1996 Congressional elections. Literature Review Most recent research concentrates on the increasing trend at all levels of American government toward high reelection success. Paul Jacob explains that today, challengers have an exceedingly difficult time trying to defeat an incumbent. For example, incumbents who sought reelection in the 1988 general election had a 96% success rate and 98% in 1990. Though the percentage decreased in 1992 because of House scandals, the general election rate for incumbents still remained high at 93% (Jacob, 1994: 30). This is not a new phenomenon as approximately 92% of all incumbent representatives have been reelected since World War II. Even in a year with a lower percentage such as 1992, Davidson and Oleszek emphasize that "turnover [in the House] resulted more from retirements (many involuntary) than from electoral defeats" (Davidson, 1994: 63). Drawing upon existing literature, Alford and Brady in Congress Reconsidered have suggested four main reasons for this reelection phenomenon. The reasons are as follows: (1) congressional district lines drawn to favor incumbents; (2) increase resources of incumbent members; (3) weak congressional challengers; and (4) weak party identification of voters (150 and 151). The latter three explanations are supported by current research; however, the first theory is not. By examining similar trends in the Senate, which does not use district lines, researchers have concluded that congressional district lines do not favor incumbents and are not an explanation for high incumbency reelection rates (151). However, much research has demonstrated that incumbents are usually rewarded on election days because of numerous factors. These factors include congressional perquisites such as campaign funding, franking privileges, and extensive media coverage. As a result, they often face weaker challengers because of such effective use of these perquisites (Erikson and Wright, 1993: 99, 101). Finally, American voters do not strongly identify with one party as in the past. More people are declaring themselves independent, and consequently, they are voting for the individual rather than for the party with whom they identify.

Mkt 421 Week 3 Learning Team Submission

Starbucks has a specific target audience for the company’s soup line. According to â€Å"Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? † (2012), â€Å"This audience is adult male and adult females from the ages of twenty-five to forty years old. This is approximately half of Starbucks total business† (para. 3). The company has another large target market audience. According to â€Å"Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? † (2012), â€Å"Starbucks’ second largest target market is forty percent of its business. This audience is between the ages of eight-teen to twenty-four† (para. 4).This helps the company to target a mature audience that will appreciate the wholesome goodness of the company’s soup line. One potently large target market the soup line will open up is catering business lunches. This will open up corporate America to the value that Starbucks presents. This corporate customer will not only purchase soup, but will also be able to purchase c offee with the order. This audience already consumes the company’s’ coffee, but goes elsewhere for their meal plans. This is also an attempt to gain customers from fast food establishments that would like a more upscale dining experience.This experience along with the other things like internet access is what Starbucks offers its customers. Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience?. (2012). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/starbucks-target-audience-10553. html It might be argued that Starbucks is no more than a fast food company paralleling such chains as McDonalds, Wendy’s, and Taco Bell. The company appears to provide the same basic service customers expect from a fast food giant. One sharp marketing contrast however, consistently has Starbucks standing out far above the others.Starbucks Corporation counts on the same customers visiting their local stores daily and sometimes multiple times in a day. Most fast food chains cannot typically tout such a cl aim. Starbucks’ customer base is not necessarily specific to age, gender, or cultural origin. Starbucks customers are those who buy-in to the sophisticated image of the â€Å"Siren,† and all she represents. Many Americans have always loved good coffee and coffee drinking as a social event. Starbucks capitalizes on this tradition and caters to the coffee house crowd.In the minds of many, coffee houses represent a rather bohemian genre of artists, poets, and scholars. Starbucks customers know there is a bit of the coffee house crowd in all of us. The company markets a sense of social freedom that has timeless appeal. Starbucks customers like the feeling of exclusivity that being a Starbucks customer provides. Knowing the quirky Starbucks language is an example that is exclusively Starbucks. Starbucks language is a kind of mix of Italian and English. For example, beverage preparers are referred to as â€Å"baristas. Beverage titles like â€Å"caramel macchiato,† a nd â€Å"Triple, Vente, no foam, three Splenda, skinny, latte,† are fun to say and make the customer feel worldly and sophisticated. Ordering the exclusively Starbucks â€Å"frappacino† satisfies that strange attraction Americans seem to have toward all things European; never mind that the trademarked word frappacino is not a real word in any language. In addition, Starbucks customers value time and are often master jugglers and multitaskers. Schedules that often overlap career, academics, and family needs are common among Starbucks customers.The new, â€Å"Cup of Comfort† line of gourmet soups provides customers a way to grab a healthy bite of lunch or dinner without interrupting an already busy day. Soccer mom can swing through the drive through so little Bobby or Jennifer can eat a healthy meal before practice and mom can get a quick boost to keep her going. â€Å"Cup of Comfort,† adds an appealing element to the Starbucks menu and satisfies a need for something substantial and healthy in customers’ diets during an afternoon or evening visit to this favorite gathering place.

ADHD and White Noise - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1209 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: ADHD essay Did you like this example? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, more commonly known as ADHD, is an inheritable, meaning that it can run in families, developmental disorder. ADHD falls into a broad spectrum of neuro-developmental disorders and is typically characterized by hyperactivity, learning difficulty, inability to focus and/or sustain attention, and impulsiveness. Typically, ADHD is diagnosed around age 7, but it can actually manifest across the lifespan. In the United States of America alone, it is estimated that between 3-7% of all children are suffering from ADHD (Boong-Nyun et al., 2010). As our knowledge of and research into ADHD expands, we have seen that ADHD is much more than an inability to focus, hyperness, and difficulty concentrating. ADHD has also been shown to affect the working memory of its victims (Watcher, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "ADHD and White Noise" essay for you Create order Multiple areas of the brain have been the focus and received the blame for causing ADHD. From the frontal cortex, to the cerebellum, to white matter, and even glial cells (Garrett, 2009). Perhaps one of the most interesting findings in the last decade has been that, according to MRI scans, most ADHD patients have decreased volume in the prefrontal and temporal cortexes, denser gray matter, and reduced amounts of white matter (Garrett, 2009). In laymens terms, people with ADHD have smaller, more active brains than their counterparts. A simple analogy would be the ADHD brain is a Chihuahua and the average brain is a Saint Bernard. One is always active and reactive to even the smallest things, constantly jumping and barking with and without reason; whereas the other is a balance of activity and rest, lazy and watchful until something warrants attention and reaction. Another interesting thing about ADHD is that it has also been associated with catecholamine dysfunction, which is importa nt for response selection and memory formation (Espen-Borga et al, 2009). Ritalin has long been the most well known and effective treatment for ADHD, effectively used for over 60 years and successfully reducing approximately 70% of symptoms in children suffering from ADHD (Swanson et. al., 1998). However, as research has expanded, anti-depressants, SSRIs, and norepinephrine enhancers, like Concerta, Adderall, Straterra, and Focalin, have been successfully used to treat ADHD, with less side effects (Baijot et al., 2016; Garrett, 2009). It has long been known that cognitive processing is easily disturbed by incompatible environmental stimulation which distracts attention from tasks and that ADHD individuals are more vulnerable to the distraction than normal (Geffner et al, 1996). Such incompatible stimulation includes: classroom visitors, group work, other students misbehaving, etc. Such occurrences can easily get ADHD students off task and make it extremely difficult to pick back up on their train of thought. Other students misbehaving is especially bad, as it can perpetuate the ADHD childs rambunctiousness. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that certain types of task irrelevant white noise can actually improve the memory performance of ADHD students (Geran et al, 2010). Key Terms Optimal Stimulation, in humans, is the tendency to develop and/or acquire reactions in which, when we are faced with too little stimulation, we increase our stimulation, and when too much stimulation is occurring, we decrease out stimulation. For example, tapping a pen or pencil in a quiet room, while taking an exam or having completed an exam versus leaving the room or using noise reducing/cancelling devices if we are surrounded by too much auditory stimulation. People, especially children with ADHD often self stimulate and/or seek stimulation. This can be anything from bouncing their feet, to tapping pencils, to lip smacking. Optimal Stimulation Theory suggests that we can reduce self stimulatory behaviors in ADHD children by increasing environmental stimulants, because, ultimately ADHD are under-aroused by environmental stimulation, which results in their off task behaviors and distractibility (Leuba, 1955). Stimulus Reduction Theory is the counterargument of Optimal Stimulation Theory. This theory argues that the reason children with ADHD are so hyperactive and distractible is because they cannot filter out irrelevant environmental stimulation (Strauss Lehtinen, 1947). For example, an oscillating fan would provide a place of fixed attention and overwhelm a students ability to focus on the voice of his/her teacher. Therefore, stimulation should be reduced to help promote performance. However, as we have seen in studies such as Sneddon (2004) the Stimulus Reduction Theory does not have significant supporting evidence and has even failed in classroom applications. Moderate Brain Arousal is a theoretical model for ADHD that is currently garnering attention and research. MBA takes aspects from both Optimal Stimulation and Stimulus Reduction Theory, and suggests that under-aroused ADHD children will seek stimulation ad self stimulate, but that these same students will see poor attention and irritability when they are over stimulated. MBA also makes use of the idea of Stochastic Resonance, which is the name for the phenomenon in which we each have an optimal amount of noise that is beneficial for our cognitive performance. For example, some people like quiet to study and cannot focus with any noise, whereas others listen to classical music and even rock to help them focus (So?â‚ ¬derlund, Gustafsson, Bjork, 2016). Themes Typically, it is thought and believed that noise adversely effects and impairs cognitive performance, especially in children with ADHD. However, many studies conflict with this concept. Multiple studies suggest that children and adolescents with ADHD actually perform better, have less off task behavior, and experience better memory and attention during periods of white and/or pink noise than they do in quieter environments and/or silence. Research studies by Angwin et al. (2018), Cook, Bradley-Johnson, Johnson (2015), Han et al. (2013), Helps et al. (2014), Korman et al. (2017), Proverbio et al. (2018), and Tegelbeckers et al. (2015) have all found that auditory white noise can improve memory performance of students with ADHD and decrease inattentiveness and off task behaviors. Several of the aforementioned studies also held to the idea that the white noise was effective in these students because it raised students stimulation to optimal levels, as suggested by Optimal Stimulation T heory and MBA Models. Soderlund et al. (2010) and Baijot et al. (2016) even provided indications that children and adolescents experiencing inattentiveness without ADHD benefit from the use of classroom white noise. Not all studies, however, demonstrate that noise has a facilitative effect on cognitive performance. One study by Cook, Bradley-Johnson, Johnson (2014), showed no change in the academic performance of ADHD students when they used white noise, but a minor reduction in off-task behaviors. There has also been significant research showing that noise can be detrimental to cognitive focus and ability. Dalton and Behm (2007) and Kampe, Sedlmeier, Pekewitz (2010) demonstrated in their research studies that there are instances in which background noise can be detrimental to performance, as well as providing inconsistent results. Both Daltons study and Kampes study have shown that while the background music can have a positive effect on motivation and emotional response, it negatively effects the cognitive processing of language. Summary Significant numbers of research studies suggest that low level white noise can significantly reduce off task behaviors of students with attention deficit disorders. Most of the literature suggests that the attention and memory of students with attention disorders is improved through the use of white noise. Furthermore, the research significantly implies that the implementation of white noise in classrooms not only helps students receiving drug therapy for ADHD, but may also provide an option for struggling students with ADHD whos parents are resistant to drug therapies.