Changing Role of the Product Designer from 18th Century to Now Essay

Changing Role of the Product physiqueer from 18th Century to Now - strive ExampleFurther more, as industrial firms flourished with their large production lines, there was always a assay for naked as a jaybird products and more productive processes to produce them.With the end of the craftsmen era and the beginning of the industrial era brought on by the new inventions there was a higher demand created for new products as living conditions improved. In the late 18th to the beginning of the 19th century new products was mostly developed by inventors. Inventors such as Frenchmen, B. Thimonnier (sewing machine), Francis Pettit Smith (propeller), Charles Babbage (mechanical calculator), Alexander Bain (facsimile), Hamilton Smith (washing machine) and Alfred Nobel (dynamite) to name but a few . Many of these inventions tush still be found in our homes today. These inventers where mostly engineers, doctors or scientist, educated and trained in sole(prenominal) one field.But as the in dustries expanded and several prominent firms was established in the 19th and archeozoic 20th century, these firms created their own flesh departments to create new and innovative products in order to stay competitive. Examples be Coca-Cola , Nestle , Ford and the Carrier Corporation to name but a few. Through their efforts the world motto the first six-pack, the chocolate bar, rolling production lines and air conditioning to name a few. Many organizations created intention departments with dedicated send offers to evaluate customer needs and then design products that will satisfy these needs. Due to the change magnitude competition in the commercial world these departments will work on a range of products at any one time, to ensure profitability from those successfully introduced into the market. Designed products include diet soda, transistor radio set (Texas Instruments), non stick pan, oral contraceptives, Barbie doll, etcToday product designs have an even more profound effect on bottom line of major companies. Although its impact may be difficult to quantify a UK address association, the design council lodged a project to try and measure the payoff companies make from design products. The tracked the death penalty of 63 British companies who incorporated product design into their production processes. They measured the share price surgical process of these companies against the designer awards they received from 1994 to 2004. Their research indicated that these design companies outperformed the FTSE 100 and FTSE All Share indices by 200% over a ten year period. The results from their research strongly indicated that companies who invest more in product design are more likely to succeed in a competitive market.Image 2 Chris Bangles Design for the new BMW 3 SeriesNew Style Designers This new trend in product design created the need for new specialist in the field, and as organizations and education institutions aligned themselves to educate and train these new entries to the industry a new type of inventor was born. Product designers are trained in belief development, testing and manufacturing, and implementation. As these specialists entered the market, some went at it on their own. Designers such as Bill Moggridge a

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW2046 normal INTERNATIONAL LAW II - Essay ExampleThe exact legal definition for what would constitute do-gooder intervention has a wide latitude of discretion in terms of interpretation. The variations in its application accept distinctions on do-gooder interventions limited to instances where there may not be any consent from the emcee landed estate, in instances where the intervention is existence used as a form of punishment, and where the intervention involves retaliation for actions where the UN protection Council is already acting on2. In general, benignantitarian interventions include activities the application of military actions. It is an intervention which seeks to interfere with state authority through the deployment of military forces within the restricted land and airspaces of the violating state3. This intervention also usually involves situations which may not impact on state interests but on acts which halt valetitarian overtones. The issue of humanitari an intervention has long been one of the main issues of international policy and related considerations, especially with various incidents of human rights violations perpetuated by states against their citizens and against other residents4. The principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in independent state affairs are principles and arguments often used by violating states in auberge to refuse humanitarian interventions. ... Without the UN authorization, any military flak is considered illegal, however, there may be moral and political support given to it under certain exceptional slips7. The intervening states would not likely be accused as lawbreakers, however there is a take a chance that the international legal courts would deem their actions to be legally or politically unjustified. There is a hefty justification for military action in the face of human rights violations against people of another state because the foundations of human rights are not based on st ate borders8. The fact that the human right violation is being carried out by the state against its citizens and the international body sets up a logical and justifiable case of human rights intervention. This doctrine was built naturally from the history of European imperialists using religious justifications in order to suppress the rights of their colonies9. These actions do not anymore apply to current times, however, the roots for humanitarian intervention provide be understood clearly under these considerations. Humanitarian intervention is justified for a variety of reasons. adept of its main purposes relate to the prevention of genocide and the push-down stack murder of citizens by government actors. Research reveals that since the 1900s, governments have been able to carry out killings primitiveling up to 169,198,000 of their own citizens10. This number is actually a greater total than the lives lost in this centurys wars11. Humanitarian interventions have been carried out in some of these mass murders in order to stop the significant number of human rights abuses. In the case of Idi Amin of Uganda,

Merge of Southwet and Air Tran Airways Case Study

Merge of Southwet and shine Tran Airways - Case Study ExampleBy January 26, 2013 codesharing has already begun and this al minored the two airlines to share itineraries. It is expected that by 2015, the more dominant brand in the coalition which is souwest Airlines will be adopted as the common brand thus removing the Air Tran brand from the merger with its operation being absorbed by southwesterly. II. Introduce the companies involve Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines is the worlds largest carrier that caters to the deject end segment of the aviation industry and services to 79 destinations in 39 states in the United States. It is also the biggest operator of Boeing 737 worldwide with over 550 planes in service. It employs more than 46,000 employees and manages more than 3,400 flights a day. Air Tran Airways Airtran Airways was founded by Airtran Corporation which operated as Northwest Airlink carrier in Minneapolis and Detroit which later purchase supremacy Sun. The compan y grew and acquired 11 Boeing 737s and served 24 cities in the East and Midwest region catering to the lower segment of the market. It was later spun off by Mesaba and formed its holding company Airways Corporation which was later acquired by ValuJet Inc. and was later renamed to its AirTran Holdings. The name AirTran Airways was retained after the merger with ValuJet Inc. Before the merger with Southwest Airlines, AirTranAirways served more than 70 cities coast to coast. It also cater to the Carribean and Mexico market and flew 700 flights per day with over 8,500 crew catering to almost 25 passengers per year (AirTran Airways). III. Identify the period the company went through the mergeand reasons for the merge. give figures if possible. The merger between Air Tran Airways and southwestern airline is more of a takeover of Southwestern to Air Tran to expand the coverage of Southwester Airlines. By acquiring Air Tran, Southwest Airline would be able to cover flights that were not ant ecedently available to Southwestern Airline such as Atlanta - Hartsfield channel that is also the worlds largest airport. Having Air Trans Airways would enable Southwest Airlines to have an access to Air Trans Atlanta hub and therefore a beachhead in the market that it covers (CBS News). Services previously unique to Air Tran will now be available to Soutwest Airline among those are flights in Dayton, Akron-Canton, and Washington National. In effect, the acquisition would give Southwest Airlines a leg up in the market by having an access to major city airports from alternate airports. As Bob Jordan, Chief Commercial Officer at Southwest Airlines and President of AirTran, said in a statement issued to The Democrat and Chronicle. With a connected network, we can offer customers more itineraries, more destinations, more low fares, and a taste of whats to come once the integration is complete (Trejos). IV. Brief description of the changes made By having an access to airports and servic es unique only to Air Tran Airways, Southwest Airline is now able to tack service to cities and airports it did not previously cover such as Dayton, Akron-Canton, and Washington National. Consequently, the merger also enabled Southwest Airlines, being the dominant entity in the merger, to remove service areas that were previously exclusive to Air Tran. The cities that were removed from their route were Allentown, Pa. Asheville, N.C. Atlantic City Bloomington/Normal, Ill. Charleston, W. Va. Dallas/Fort Worth Harrisburg, Pa. Huntsville, Ala. Knoxville, Tenn Lexington, Ky.

Criminology and criminal justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology and immoral righteousice system - Essay ExampleThe report shows that the witnesses and victims, on the other hand, arouse an entirely different treatment, theyre offered protection and kind words argon offered to keep them calm. On offshoot glance, it cleverness seem unfair that since the system is not sure of their innocence, theirs or the suspects notwithstanding again just like the system has criteria to meet in rules of order to be able to arrest close to one, they involve their reasons of suspecting these people to be innocent and worthy of protection. Protection is provided so that the criminals might not try to lessened the witnesses or intimidate them into not coming to court, because this is the reality of our system, even if every one knows that a somebody is guilty of a crime but cannot be proven guilty albeit he contrived in the background for get the witnesses out of the equation to eradicate proof in the form of intimidation or physical or fatal t orture, even though everyone knows that for a fact, if it cant be proved the person walks free and it is for these reasons that there are many criminals plaguing the society but they have developed such(prenominal) strength and organization that the law cannot touch them. Our criminal system might not be correct as regards to efficiency and sometimes even seem brutal especially if a mistake is made. It might some times seem unfair to give special treatment to some people but more often than not the law doesnt make the mistake of protecting the wrong person and the pretend that their hypothetical guess as regards to one partys innocence.... the manner in which all of this is enforce upon him isnt quite what an average human would haggle over but if it were a true con who were getting that treatment, of course it would be staring(a)ly befitting. Perhaps that is what the authorities assume before undertaking any arrest. The criminal justice system perhaps prides itself for efficienc y, there are a myriad number of checks the ground police force have to go through before they can freely proceed to even search a suspected persons property let alone undertaking an arrest. The authorities take great care that they are not mistaken in their doubts of a person before they go charging up towards him to remind him or rather impose all his rights on him and try to persuade him that now may be the perfect time to start making use of them. Sure they might make a mistake some time and its most unfortunate for the society and of all people the accused when that happens but in order to keep a city clean of crime and cons policemen must be afforded some free operation as well, its up to the court to make the final decision and it is the duty of a policeman to withdraw a possible crime to light, it is only after a suspect meets all the criteria, and comes up to the workbench mark of suspicion that our officers can go ahead and carry out an arrest, it is not an easy job, th eir extremum incentives are to uphold the law and protecting the innocent. Keeping crime orientated people off the streets and safekeeping the pious ones

Managing People Through Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing People Through Change - Essay ExampleHowever, employees cannot be expected to act to the highest standard without competent focusing. Problems such as low employee morale, high turnover rates, and poor performance of rent out duties can result from inadequate people management. People management, which encompasses both formal performance evaluation and recompense strategies and informal leadership practices and techniques, is one of the determining factors in employee morale and the resulting work quality, as well as determining other factors such as workplace loyalty.While there are many approaches to leadership, from Golemans stand of leadership in primal intelligence to Wrens group dynamics view (Goethals and Sorensen, 3), all hold in common that leadership is one of the most basic elements of successful people management. However, people management practices in isolation are not enough to ensure the success of the firm or even of the management practice - the ideals that are embodied by the people management practice must be implant in the corporate culture in order for them to be successful.In essence, people management hypothesis argues that if management implements a specified set of employment as well as work practices, it is dismissal to lead to better performance (Boxall and Purcell 47-70). A lot of the practices such as teamwork, redesigned jobs, employee participation, teamwork as well as communicating and information sharing - have been shown to improve performance, but not in a conformable manner (Appelbaum et al. 737-775).Although there are various stakeholders in an organization, the chief strategic goal of any telephone line is higher financial performance or maximization of wealth for the shareholders (Becker and Huselid, 53-101). Financial performance of an organization depends to a large extent on effective operational performance. The operational performance of an organization is a attend of people, process and technology. 2.0 Qualities of a LeaderA leader influences others by his qualities, viz. confidence, communicative skill, awareness of his tint on others as well as perceptions about the situation and his subordinates. The effect of a leaders background experiences, his communication ability, self-awareness, confidence, his perceptions of subordinates, the situation and the self are shown below (Prasad, 2006, p. 264). SOCIAL VALUESECONOMICCONDITIONSLEADERSTRUCTURE pursuitPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONSSource Taken from, Prasad LM, (2006) Organizational Behavior, Fig 26.1 p 287All these factors interact together to determine the leaders ability to influence others.3.0 Leadership Styles in People ManagementA fundamental question that needs to be addressed

Teaching English to new arrival immigrants is problematic Research Paper - 1

Teaching face to stark naked-made arrival immigrants is problematic - Research Paper ExampleOne of the mishaps is that the immigrants make the wording as a second language. The instance, therefore, creates the need to understand the background of the students and the consequent effects that the background has on a new course. Moreover, a prior analysis of the various misconceptions that learners have towards learning a second language is authoritative with the aim of establishing the best of course of action. Other factors that may be of help in teach English to immigrants is the consideration of the processes that involve the knowledge of English and consequently comprehend the wider scope that represents the cultural and social issues. The issues that cultivate up the acquisition of the English language by the immigrants is thus are a constituent of the essay. The bind also articulates on the different solutions that are relevant in the complex process of the language learn ing. A summary appears at the completion of the document in an instance of giving a preview of the hale document.Misconceptions misrepresent the needs of immigrant students and present simplistic approaches to second language learning and complicate the process of teaching and learning English. If students communicate in English, they have competence to use language in mainstream courses. Educators sometimes imitate that if immigrant students can communicate in everyday life, they can have the competence to use language in an every variety of settings, especially mainstream course of English. However, there are gaps between everyday communication and mainstream courses language use for the second language learners (Cacden, 1988). These gaps occur because there are differences between home based and course-based mensurate system and knowledge. Such Differences between home and English courses lead to difficulties for English language learners to access to academician and mainstre am course language (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988).Based on this misconception, immigrant

File Sharing & Social Media Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

File Sharing & Social Media Security - Assignment voiceData can either be collected directly from the customer or through the run offered to the customers. The learning can be used to evaluate the eligibility of the customers for various services, participation of customers in various bodied events, for consistency with the law and for improvement of the services offered by the till. Information cannot be shared outside the bank unless compelled under limited circumstances. Customers are protected from liability of unwarranted online transactions under the online risk forfeit guarantee. These policies are updated from time to time.The Harvard Divinity School privacy policy can be accessed from http//hds.harvard.edu/privacy-policy. The policy indicates that information is gathered when one applies or registers for a program with the institution, through cookies stored by their servers and from users communication. This information is used to sew the website to the needs of the users, to improve their services, to generate reports and for research purposes. The institution bears no responsibility for cookies accessed by a triplet party to the information. The institution protects users against loss of information, misuse of data and alteration of the information. However, they do not give coke% guarantee to data safety. The policy changes from time to time.The Merchant warehouse.com privacy policy can be retrieved from http//merchantwarehouse.com/privacy-policy. It states that family collects information from browser information, forms and inquiries, gateway services and application of accounts with the company. They can share the information with a third gear party in order to improve their products and services. However, they do not sell any information to a third party but they can disclose it in order to comply with a levelheaded process. They may use the email policy to

Research paper wind power Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

sneak force - Research Paper ExampleThe size of turbines, types of rotors and the manufacturing technologies use in the production of wind turbines have changed. move methods such as compression moulding and injection moulding for stigma manufacturing are being employed in order to reduce the time and cost of production and increase surgery (Wind- zip-the-facts.org). Recent developments in the wind turbine technology include the use of vibration isolators for reducing sound, the use of active pitch controls for maintaining the performance even at very high wind speeds, the use of inverters connected to turbines, and the use of advanced manufacturing methods and blade designs. The foreign Energy Agency (IEA) aims at achieving a total output of 2000 GW of wind actor by 2050 (Tanaka 1). There has been an explosive poseth in the use of wind position throughout the world. According to the International Wind Energy Development World Update 2010 report, the market value of wind p ower is estimated to grow from $96.4 billion to $161.2 billion in the period between 2011 to 2015 (Shahan 1). While wind power supplies 1.92% of the worlds electricity, it is expected to increase to 9.1% by 2020 (Shahan 1). The average rate of growth globally is estimated to be 15.5% annually. Estimates by the spherical Wind Energy Council and Greenpeace International predict a similar growth. The United States is the second fastest ontogeny markets for wind power, the first being China (DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). While 10 GW of new wind power capacity were added in 2009, 5.2 GW were added in 2010 and 6.8 GW were added to the US grid in 2011 (DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). By 2030, it is expected that the US put forward fulfill 20% of its electricity requirements from wind power (Shahan 1). According to estimates by the American Wind Energy Association, the potential of producing wind power in the US is about 10.8 trillion kWh annually, which is equa l to the energy produced by 20 billion barrels of oil that is the present annual oil supply globally (Layton 3). Wind power provides about 3.23% of the total electricity in the US (Eia.gov). The current wind power capacity of the US is more than 20% of that of the total wind power produced throughout the world. In sextuplet states of the US, more than 10% of the total electricity is wind powered, with two of the states having 20% of their electricity requirements being finish by wind energy alone (DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). In the coming decades, wind power can provide for 20% of the total electricity needs of the country. Various government incentives have encouraged the tress and operation of wind power. The United States Wind Energy Policy ensures that incentives in the form of grants, bonus depreciation, and tax revenue credits, such as production and investment tax credits, are provided by the federal and state governments for the adroitness of machinery f or producing wind energy. The Solar, Wind, Waste, and Geothermal Power Production Incentives Act 1990 and the Energy Policy Act (EPACT) 1992 ensure the cooking of incentives for production of renewable energy. The production tax credit incentive provided by the US government has been implemental in expanding the growth of the wind energy industry (Veganverve 1). This incentive however is set to expire in 2012. This incentive offers 2.2 cents per KW-h of energy produced by

Racial Disparities in Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Racial Disparities in Capital Punishment - Essay manikinThe study also established that the number of blacks on death row was higher compared to white defendants who had attached similar offenses.Scott (2008, pp 2-6), conducted another study on race and capital punishment in Harris County in the invoke of Texas, which hold the infamous reputation of being the capital of execution in the United States. The study was in agreement with the Philadelphia findings by establishing that the racial orientation of both the victim and defendant played a significant factor in a meeting of capital punishments. In the study, Scott (2008, p5) found that the likelihood of imposing a death penalty on black defendant was higher than on white defendant. In addition, a death sentence was more than likely to be imposed in cases where a white soul was the victim than when the victim was black. Another important finding on race and capital punishments showed that District Attorneys were more racially prejudiced than the jury was (Baldus, et al. 1998, pp1680-89). These studies demonstrate that no matter the objection of legal technocrats, racial disparities exist in a determination of capital punishments in the United States. These findings bring to attention the ability of a judicial system to rise above the historical racial prejudices that purported superiority of white people everywhere their black counterparts in the United States. In addition, they nurse also raised the question of whether the life of a certain race is more valuable than of another. Law courts in different states in the country have been consistently denying that the obvious racial disparities are not sufficient to prove racial biases in distributively particular case (David, & George 2003). This denial is of particular concern given that many states and federal governments in the US have passed legislation of addressing racial discrimination in employment and other areas such as housing.

Teaching Plan Breast Feeding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching Plan Breast Feeding - Essay ExampleThe milk from the human titty is considered as the healthiest form of nutrition for infants. (Picciano, 2001) However, almost women are not ready to deal with heartfeeding in the effect of childbirth because of a lack of education. A lack of appreciation for breastfeedings advantages and the cumbersome routine forces most women to store feed their infants which has higher risks associated with it. In the given scenario, the mother is new to the concept of breastfeeding and so needs education as well as interposition in order to facilitate her and her child. Various aspects link up to breastfeeding leave behind be clarified using a teaching plan which will include classifiable problems, sources of confusion and their solutions along with focus on the patient. Bottle Feeding versus Breast Feeding Education The training objectives will concentrate on making breastfeeding seem like a better choice than bottle feeding to the client. The client will be provided with a comparison of both bottle feeding and breastfeeding from the aspects of nutrition, still and cost. The client is new to childbirth and interest so is confused between breastfeeding and bottle feeding. It could be expect that she would be eager to learn about these concepts to clarify her confusion. The content covered will delineate that breast milk is nutritionally superior to formulas and is easily digested and absorbed by the baby. Moreover the contents of breast milk change automatically to suit the babys needs period formulas require constant intervention on the part of the paediatrician. Moreover breast milk is free while formula milk cost between $54 and $198 each month depending on brand. Breast milk does not need every preparation or conditioning while formula milk does. However breastfeeding is uncomfortable initially and care must be taken to avoid certain kinds of medications. (American Pregnancy Association, 2011) The mothers learning will be evaluated through oral quizzing and her concepts will be reinforced as undeniable. Proper Nutrition and Fluids during Breastfeeding At the conclusion of the learning session the patient will be expected to know what kinds of nutrients are needful during breastfeeding and what forages could be expected to provide such nutrition. Moreover the patient will develop an understanding of why fluids are needed and what quantity should be consumed each solar day to facilitate lactation. The patient will be told to increase the amount of milk and starch based products in diet and to consume the prenatal vitamins during breastfeeding in the originally prescribed quantity. The consumption of calories will be increased by around 500 while fluid intake would be enhanced by 8 to 12 glasses each day with preference provided to milk. Furthermore the patient will be told to consume fruits in preference to fruit juices so as to avoid too much calorie intake. (Health Pages, 2011) The patien t will be told to record food intake for at least a few weeks and this will be monitored. Any intervention required would be based on these records. The patient will further be evaluated for sticking to the instructions provided. titty and Breast Care The patient will be expected to learn why breast and teat care is necessary and what extents should be taken to avoid infection and swelling. The proper latching techniques will be show to the patient through the use of diagrams and videos to enhance understanding as mere

Unemployment and Government Intervention Strategies Research Paper

Unemployment and Government Intervention Strategies - seek Paper ExampleUnemployment and Government Intervention Strategies The narrative reveals that unemployment rate rose to 8.4 %. This is the highest unemployment rate captured since the year 1996. The report further indicates that the statistics of citizens without employment hit a record of 2.67 million in the period between November and January. This maturation by 28,000 unemployment comes was recorded in October in 2011. Moreover, this report shows that unemployment figures in the year 2011 was higher by 148,000 as compared to the year 2010. There were also noticeable differences in unemployment figures between men and women. The number of groundless men was 1.54 between November and January. That of women without employment was 1.13 million in the three months period. According to the Office of National Statistics, the number of people claiming Jobseekers Allowance in December 2011 hit a 1.6 million. This number marked an increment of 1,200 from the unemployment entropy collected in October. The report asserts that the number of young people aged 16-24 and seeking employment change magnitude to a new record of 1.043 million. With greater numbers of employees, lay-offs in the banks, public sector, and private sector the unemployment mail in UK may aggravate. This is a matter of urgency concern and the governments in UK should take sound interventions to verification it. Persistently, high unemployment creates huge cost for exclusives and the economy of a nation as a alone. Some of costs are difficulty to value and measure, especially the long-term social costs. The economy as a whole suffers because national product falls as a direct consequence of the inability of the market to pit the marginal products of equally productive get. Unemployment presents a waste in national scarce resource. The economic end product could be higher if the unemployed are at work. It leads to poverty for those pe ople without an employment. Therefore, unemployment is an indicator of nations poor economic performance (McEachem, 2011). Unemployment has both private and social cost. To start with, it is a source of render and ill health to many people. Without a stable income, individuals cannot afford basic health care. This means that an individual cannot get better medical treatment. This results to lower life expectances. Individuals die either out of disease leg or out of incapability to afford proper diet. Second, unemployment destabilizes the living standards of individual. Jobless individuals cannot cater for the basic of necessity of their families. Inability to provide for the family may lead to homelessness, misunderstanding, divorce, and indebtedness (McEachem, 2011). Third, joblessness leads to loss of skills necessary for individual development. Individuals who stay remote from work environment do not fork out an opportunity to hone their skills to respond to the current labor demand. The prowesses of unemployed individuals lose applicability due to changing trends in the labor market (Kitson, 2010). This in vacate can lead to skepticism and pessimism about the true meaning and value of education. This can change individuals to have a narrow focus on education and training. It therefore means that an individual allow for be less willing to invest in the education system of a nation. The quality of education will dwindle robbing the country its potential human resource. Fourth, the

Analyse employment relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analyse employment relations - demonstrate ExampleAs for the employment relation, it is the changes in the socio political context that now includes HRM, and a reduced ply of labor unions along with agile management and altering social attitudes. Thus, creating a more diverse landscape, it is in addition related to the relationship that the management and the employees hold with each other in almost every theater of operations of the industry. It asshole be easily stated that employment relation works better if taken as a philosophy, rather than a function of the management (Wilton, 2010). In the Australian context, the changes stick been rather broad in both the areas. These being innovative in nature have brought many spic-and-span footing in the employment relations, such as commitment, involvement, and performance of the high order. Thus, the management has started to work on new ways to inculcate particularors, such as team work and multitasking, so that higher product ivity can be achieved. This makes the need to study employment relations huge over the years (Lansbury, 2000). However, it has also been find that employees working in the aforementioned country are non happy with what has been going on. This means that they expression that the wok is too much and provides very low security. Thus, the need to cater to such issues has also risen in the recent year, which has increased the need to cater to employment relations more (Appelbaum et al. 2000, Davis and Gollan, 1999, Wood and Albanese, 1995, Lansbury, 2000). The following lines leave alone be discussing the whys and hows of the employee relations and changes that occurred recently in this arena. The following lines will also be examining why industrial relations have become less relevant to the study of workplace relations now, than it was in 1980, as hale as determining the extent to which the term employment relations best describe the changes that have occurred in workplaces since 1980, relating it with the Australian working arena. As far as the strengths and weaknesses of the unitarist, pluralist, and radical theoretical perspectives are concerned, it has been notice that the unitarist perspective aims at employee commitment, as well as loyalty by the fusion of the interests of both, employee as well as the employer (Guest and Peccei, 2001 & The Typed Gold, 2010). Also, used for stakeholder management, it caters to upseting a win-win situation for the managers by aligning the goals and interests of both parties. However, this perspective also has its weaknesses this surmise does not cater to the power imbalance between the parties and must identify that managers hold an upper hand in terms of power. As conflict is a highly off-putting clause here, it ignores the fact that in that location are also certain conflicts that are advantageous to the organization in nature, for example the task conflict. other than that, it is also unclear about how the feeli ngs of the worker are aligned with those of the employer. As for the pluralist perspective, it caters to effective IR interventions do to resolve conflicts that act as a substitute in decision making process. The approach does not ignore conflict like the one stated previously and uses the same conflict scenario to understand the root of many problems. The current perspective, thus, might have companies that have a no union policy as well as those that encourage such unions so that diverse cultures can be obtained. It does not, however, ignore the fact that unions have a role. Yet, this perspective also holds certain weaknesses, such as too much reliance on rules and regulations, and somewhat also ignores those processes that directly help resolving conflicts (Gennard, and Judge, 2002 and the typed gold, 2010). Furthermore, it also fails to realize that state has

Care of a Patient in the Mental Health Branch Essay

Care of a Patient in the Mental Health Branch - Essay manakinThe research paper Care of a Patient in the Mental Health Branch discusses the refer on the patients becoming treatment and recovery process by a measure up harbor. The role of professional nursing in patient care can never be under-estimated. Nurses focalise on the needs of the patient and provide individuals and their families with care and attention. The RCN defines Nursing as the use of clinical perspicaciousness in the provision of care to enabled people to improve, maintain or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to earn the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. The hiring and introduction of professional nurses to hospitals in the UK has had a profound and lasting impact on the health profession. The new role of the nurse as taught in colleges and universities is an expanding one and encompasses an array of new responsibilities. Where once upon a time, a nurse was content to theme by a resort and see what he did, only speaking when spoken to and doing only as and when directed, todays nurse has been given a role and responsibility almost equal to the doctor she is assisting on the case. Part of the enhancement of job responsibilities for professional nurses has been because of shortage of doctors or professional staff, the lack of proper interns and the general decline in health standards and patient care. Thus the expanded role of the professional nurse in the UK is making its impact felt not only on patient care just now on the health profession as a whole.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary - Assignment ExampleThe authors work with Elizabeth Brainerd is establish on two hypotheses. Firstly, competitive industries do not have discrimination, so in case of an exogenic shock (increased cope) the effect of discrimination is negligible. Secondly, in less competitive industries, scope of discrimination is more, so in case of the same exogenous shock narrowing the gender prosecute gap would be considerable. Since theoretically, the wage differential in competitive industries is nil, by providing for increased interchange, the authors could compute the gender wage gap in concentrated industries. The survey covering the period 1977-94 used data from Current Population Survey. The population comprised of individuals ripened 18 to 64 and working as full time. First log wage of all individuals was regressed on education, age, agesqaured and nonwhite dummy variable. Then the equilibrium gender wage gap was computed from difference in average residual wages for male and female at industry level. The industry level results were matched to trade level results, with trade measured as import shares. The findings show that an increase in import share leads to reduction in gender wage gap in concentrated industries. However overall increase in trade have a negative impact on relative wages of women. These results can also be factored on decline in unionization and not discrimination impact.

Comparisons between two retail organizations namely JC Penney and Research Paper

Comparisons between two retail organizations namely JC Penney and Kohls - Research Paper ExampleFurthermore, the verbalize of New York has been chosen as a base location for comparison between these two organizations. 1 store from each organization has been chosen for contrasting between the retailers. ABOUT JC PENNEY AND KOHLS The business of JC Penney comprises selling various products like app bel, shoe, accessories, jewelry, beauty items and home decoration products along with delivering different services such as salon, photography and decorating among others to the customers by its departmental stores. Since the foundation of the organization, JC Penney has grown to about 1104 departmental stores in 49 states of the US (JCP Media Inc., J. C. Penney Company, Inc.). On the other hand, Kohls also abide apparel, footwear, accessories, home products and house wares among others. By the end of the form 2012, Kohls has nearly 1146 stores in the entire US region (Kohls Illinois, Inc., Kohls Corporation). SHOPPING ITEMS The shop list on which the comparison will be made comprise rings from jewelry and watches category, clean towels from bed and bath category, bedroom furniture from furniture category, women dresses from women category and men athletic shoes from shoes category. Appendix 1 would show the list of the selected items along with price range and average price (JCP Media Inc., withdraw Shipping Everyday Kohls Illinois, Inc., Kohls Expect Great Things). ... In this context, it can be viewed that JC Penney and Kohls buzz off consider fitted depend of stores in New York City. With respect to JC Penney, the closest store is located at Serramonte total with distance of 8.9 miles from the city, hence this store has been chosen for the study (JCP Media Inc., Find A investment trust) Concerning Kohls, closest place is Jersey City Mall which is situated at distance of 2.64 miles from the New York City and has been selected for the analysis (Kohls Ill inois, Inc., hive away). Customer Service With respect to customer services, it can be apparently discover that the services of Kohls are superior to JC Penny. The stores of Kohls are opened longer then JC Penney i.e. in weekdays, the stores of Kohls are opened from 8 am to 10 pm, whereas the stores of JC Penney are opened from 10 am to 9.30 pm. In sunlight also, the stores of Kohls remain open for longer hours than JC Penney. On the other hand, it can also be observed that it takes much time to talk with the customer service representatives in JC Penney than Kohls. However, in JC Penney, the employees are quite fitted to handle customer service related issues with courtesy and competence. On the other hand, employees of Kohls are able to provide support in understanding the cause of any kind regarding customer related issues and provide solutions to the problems. The employees of JC Penney also possess strong knowledge about product features than the employees of Kohls (JCP Med ia Inc., Find A Store Kohls Illinois, Inc., Store). Store Layout The store layout of JC Penney is concentrated on representing a streamlined visual display for the customers. JC Penney restricts the number of displays in the stores and it replaces the inventory

Police Administration Essay Example for Free

law of temper Administration EssayIn the general concern of jurisprudence brass, strategic plan paygrade is thus important for the effectuality of their service and lean in the society. Through the thorough evaluation and analysis of their administration and curriculums, the police organization buttocks understand their processes and strategies in which they can notice their challenges, pitfalls, and problems thus ensuring measures to further build up their performance and service.Another is that through evaluation, the police administration can likewise determine their strengths and advantages, which they can turn back in their organizational schooling and further performance plan. Indeed, with the knowledge determined in the administration and design evaluation, the police organization can find effective solutions and strategies for the realization of further development in their melt as public servants.However, for the effectiveness of the broadcast evaluation , certain measures must(prenominal) be implemented to achieve the craved results and information accuracy. In this aspect, most evaluations of the police organization course of instructionmes are conducted by outsiders from the said institutions who mainly stage the public sector which are the primary target of the said program. There are three reasons for this army namely as inclined with humanitarian concern, neutrality view, and the awareness campaign for the fundamental characteristics of the program.Indeed, the dialogue of program evaluation by outsiders counteracting the police institutions is arranged mainly for the intention of achieving effective influence and positive results from the program for the benefit of its target namely the public sector. The organization placing outsiders as the evaluators of the programs and strategies of the police organizations is established based on three reasons inclined towards the effectiveness of the police function concern.The fir st involves humanitarian concern wherein the outside evaluation provide be conducted on the perspective of its target sector and the realization of its effects on the public. In the process of outside evaluation, the examiners can thoroughly consider whether the said police program, strategy, or action allow be either advantageous or detrimental to their concern.With them conducting the evaluation as the party representing the public absorb, they can significantly determined if there are any abusive characteristics or grounds in the program which would be contradictory to the function and responsibility of the police department. Another reason for the said evaluation arrangement is the neutrality pursuit wherein both parties namely the police force and the public sector desire a transparent and unbiased view on the examination.Having an outside party conduct the program evaluation will result to a process free from the political nature and pressure existing inside the police orga nization. With this arrangement, any bias qualities inside the program can be reduced or even eliminated as both contrasting parties have reviewed and commented on the nature of the said program. The third reason for the said arrangement in police program evaluation lies in the awareness campaign and interest of the police organization.In this concern, the police group must acknowledge the presence and relevance of the public sector representation in terms of information dissemination and awareness. Manifested in the outside party evaluation, a party representing the public must be allowed to investigate and acquire knowledge regarding the program of the police organization. Having been informed of the programs nature and characteristics, the said party can aid the public in understanding the purpose and relevance of that program thus, gaining the trust, support, and participation of the public sector.Indeed, doing the arrangement of outside party evaluation can effectively aid the interest of the program of manifesting the function of the police organization and benefit the need of the public sector. In the pursuit of achieving effectiveness in the action and performance of the police organization, programs embodying the function of the organization are created as part of their action. In the concern of achieving the beneficial interest from the police performance, the arrangement establishing outside parties to evaluate and examine the performance program of the police organization is created.This approach is developed mainly based on the reasons of humanitarian concern, transparency in the organizations activities, and the interest of the public for awareness in the presence and activities of the police organization. In general, the development of the said arrangement as part of the procedural activity of the police organization is for the effectiveness of their function and duty of protecting the welfare of the public and promoting peace in the society.

The impact of entrepreneurs on the economy Essay Example for Free

The impact of entrepreneurs on the grantnce EssayThere are a lot of explanations and descriptions of entrepreneurship. Intellectuals and business experts, define entrepreneurship as only the merger of thoughts, hard work, and modifications to the changing commerce market. It furthermore involves meeting market demands mainly it portrays the key instructions of any(prenominal) trade innovation. Innovation is the key factor that administers the very traffic patternation of a sm any trade or entrepreneurship it squirt be processes or it can be products.One instance of a process could be the formation of subjects in black and white, products can refer to everything that is produced that can be kept up for sale, whether it is a latest form of glue or even a service that offers such as, housecleaning. On the separate hand, innovations can as well be anything that brings in the discoveries of new products that transform the market or form a new market, a number of of these in novations might even restore existing innovations to become the promote process or product.When an individual wishes to become an entrepreneur they prefer to be an organizer, though, not everybody is suitable to be an entrepreneur and not everybody has the essential skills to carry out successfully. What Is An Entrepreneur? A person who is capable of generating an mod idea and fulfilling the demands of the public with an ability to organize people and resources is called an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are never discouraged even if their idea is rejected by anyone exactly they work hard to perform their ideas successful.Entrepreneurs have to face various hardships and challenges as well. Entrepreneurship Aids the Economy It is agreed by most of the economists that entrepreneurship adds vitality to the thrift, either a developed or developing one. The reason why the economists support the existence of the entrepreneurs is that they not clean create new businesses and discombob ulate innovations exploitation their creativity but they also create employment opportunities for people by employing them for their business.Mostly, it also increases ambition due to which entrepreneurs opt for new things and also go for operational as well as technical advancements that further helps them to increase their productivity. Each year around 75% new jobs are added in the economy of United States every year due to the eruption of new small businesses and this actually symbolizes 99% of all US employers. broken business are mostly self-employed by people. Entrepreneurs not just provide jobs to the people but they are also a source of security and generate social eudaimonia as well.Schramm, president and CEO of Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, said in February 2007, The foundation is devoted to fostering entrepreneurship. Schramm is one of the globes frontmost specialists in this field. Others have the same(p) opinion that the benefits of small trades go further tha n income, Hector V. Baretto, manager of the U. S. lessened Business regime (SBA), makes clear, Small businesses widen the base of contribution in society, generate jobs, disperse economic power and provide persons a s moderate in the future. Entrepreneurs innovate and innovation is a vital divisor in economic growth.As Peter Drucker said, The entrepreneur mostly looks for change, reacts to it and utilizes it as an opportunity. Entrepreneurs are accountable for the paid introduction of several new products and services and also for opening fresh markets. A look at current history demonstrates that entrepreneurs were compulsory to many another(prenominal) of the most important innovations, ones that transformed how persons live and work. From the vehicle to the plane to computers persons with ideas and strength of mind developed these marketable advances.Small companies as well are more verisimilar than large firms to manufacture specialty products and services and tailor ma de items. As Schramm has recommended, entrepreneurs offer customers with services and products for inevitably they did not even realize they had. Innovations enhance the quality by multiply customers choices, they augment peoples lives in lush ways reservation life simple, progressive communications, offering new varieties of entertainment and better health care.Small companies in the US, e. g. innovate far in excess of huge ones do, according to the Small Business Administration small technology firms create almost thirteen times additional patents per worker than big firms. They designate one-third of all firms in control of fifteen or more patents. According to the 2006 Summary Results of the ball-shaped Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, In spite of of the point of development and company size, entrepreneurial performance remains a vital engine of innovation and expansion for the financial system, for individual firms as, by classification, it entails attention and re adiness to take benefit of vacant opportunities.The GEM plan is a multi-country study of entrepreneurship and fiscal growth. Founded and supported by Babson College (USA) and the capital of the United Kingdom Business School in 1999, the study incorporated forty two nations by 2006. Global and regional institutes, such as the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have the same opinion that entrepreneurs can ply a critical role in mobilizing income and encouraging fiscal growth and socio-economic progress.This is mainly true in the emerging world, where flourishing small businesses are most important engines of job formation and poverty diminution. power of entrepreneurship in abstract economy Although the basic rules of entrepreneurship being used today are the same as they were used previously but the medium has radically changed, however the change has been for better and is probably the surpass time compared to the history for an indivi dual to become an entrepreneur.The entrepreneurs today are defining logic for the purpose of making things to happen on an individual basis. Previously, when the entrepreneurs used to set up business, they needed huge sums of investment originally they could proceed or to arrange management teams for work and to make the company operate after which they took many years to make profits but now things have drastically changed. In order to make my statements more clear, I would be giving some examples.A website titled PlentyOfFish. om is basically a bare(a) dating website and was founded by Markus Frind. The founder spends just two hours on the website each day and he manages his website but his earnings are $5-6 million per year from Google ads as around twelve million people slang his page every year and the most interesting thing is that he is the only person direct his company. I would now quote another such example of Dave Lu, an entrepreneur who also earns in millions doing t he same kind of work as Markus Frind.Dave is the founder of Fanpop where the fans of anything on Earth can share and interact with other people. One more thing that is synonymous between the two entrepreneurs is that they are operating their business using the least expensive tools that are instantly available to them. Connecting these entrepreneurs to the economy, I would say that conceptual economy modify the entrepreneurs to use both sides of their brain i. e. oth left as well as the right side as they are not just focusing on technical skills but on their creativity and expression as well and most of the entrepreneurs are working independently.It is therefore essential for the entrepreneurs to lead in conceptual economy and go for new ventures. It was Microsoft that started Facebook that is now very successful social networking arena. Initially Facebook was popular just amongst the teenagers and the students of high school but now it is being used by people of every group. non just it provides the opportunity of social networking but it is also beneficial for businessmen especially young entrepreneurs that can highly help boost the economy of any country. Therefore, this economic model of conceptual economy has a great impact on every aspect of the society and in the later years, the entrepreneurs would be the ones who would be the true beneficiaries but the ones who take initiatives.

Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age Essay Example for Free

Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the tell apartledge Age EssayCS troika hundred Week 2Kizza Chapter 4 Ethics and the Professions pages 65 to 96Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age,3rd. Edition,ISBN 978-1-84628-658-2.Chapter Number and Title 3 Ethics and the Professions Your Name Brent Robles Todays date 02NOV09 Briefly state the chief(prenominal) idea of this chapter. A continued discussion of ethics in a professional atmosphere. 2. amount three important facts that the author uses to support the main idea The four themes discussed argon evolution of professions, the making of an ethical professional, and the professional decisions making process, and professionalism and ethical responsibilities. 3. What information or ideas discussed in this chapter are also discussed in readings from DePalma? angle of inclination the Unit and Title(s) of the reading De Palma Reading 10 Dilberts of the World, Unite This article discusses how fast the whit e collar sphere is growing and some of the issues involved. Microsoft is discussed in great detail on the treatment of their contracted employees.When it came to wages they were considered to be high-level computer professionals, thus not entitled to overtime bear. When it came to benefits, they were treated as temps unworthy of healthcarecoverage and stock options. So some individuals got together and worked to organize the workers. The article also talks astir(predicate) Microsoft hiring immigrant workers in the same positions as Americans and paying(a) them considerably less. The unions worked with congress to oppose Bill Gates petition for immigrant visas to be extended. There will always be a fight with these companies when trying to keep them hiring Americans. They are just trying to ensure that they can maximize profits. I chose this article because it discusses morals in hiring and paying white collar workers. I believe that it had ethical issues when dealing with professional issues like equal pay and benefits for immigrants. 4. List and briefly discuss one of the questions at the end of the chapter. Are whistle blowers saints or blackmailers? I think that society has turned a saint into a blackmailer. By this I mean because of the timidity of reprisal a whistle blower has to keep his mouth shut. But when he doesnt he is considered to be a disgruntled employee and is trying to blackmail his supervision. It is hard to get issue resolved when dealing with a uncooperative management team, that is why employees energize rights and protections, however there are only a fewer companies that protect the whistle blower, that is why when the whistle is blown the individual is considered to be a problem worker. 5. List any examples of bias or faulty reasoning that you found in the chapter Section 4.4.3 discusses guilt and making ethical decisions. On page 87 he explains actions that people experiencing guilt will go through. I think that thi s is a biased or faulty reasoning because not everyone goes through this process. I know that this article is a generalization, but there are people in society that make their decisions and pass away on with no remorse or guilt. The statement that guilt causes decision makers to agonize over decisions I think is only true for a select few individuals. Those individuals that are affected have to have some integrity and solid values. 6. List any new terms/concepts that were discussed in the article, and write a short definition Utilitarian where decisions are made solely on the basis of their intended outcomes or consequences. Rights where decisions are made based on the set of liberties the society enforces such as the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights. legal expert which decisions are made so that they are fair, impartial, and equitable to all.

Classical and Human Relations Theories Essay Example for Free

Classical and Human Relations Theories EssayCritic eithery evaluate the classical and forgiving dealing improvementes of perplexity theory. Your essay must clearly define the line focussing theory and include labor examples to illustrate your answers.The purpose of this essay is to provide a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the classical and human dealing theories of management giving around industry examples which supports their applicability and importance or otherwise. Critical evaluation is the cleverness of assessing the strengths and weaknesses of a piece of proceed, and of understanding the importance of its contribution to the subject. Hulme, J.A. ( 2 hundred4). For the benefits of in-depth analysis we result notion at the classical scientific of F. W. Taylor (and not the classical administrative approach of say Weber), identifying expert supported strengths and weaknesses of his approach.Equally, we will look at Herzbergs human relat ions theory of motivation. Classical management was rooted on the belief that employees rich person alone economical and physical of necessity, and that social needs and need for personal credit line- expiation either dont endure or ar unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates extravagantly specialization of labor, centralized decision fashioning, and profit maximization. The humanistic (or human relations) school recognized people as a special sort of resource. They not only subject field for the organization they argon the organization.Mary Parker Follett succinctly defined management as the art of getting things through with(p) through people. soldieryagement theory can be defined as a body of customary principles on how best to manage a stage business or organization to gain its goals and how to motivate employees to achieve juicyest possible performance.F. W. Taylor (the father of scientific management) was the intellectual leader of the efficiency or classi cal movement. According to him the primary(prenominal) object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity of each(prenominal) employee. For employers maximum prosperity not only means large profits but overall phylogeny in the enterprise to a state of permanent prosperity. Taylor was, therefore, driven to ask why is there so much antagonism and inefficiency? He suggested three causes (1) the fallacious belief by workers that massive affix in output will ultimately lead to their unemployment (2) the defective systems of management which make it possible for workers to restrict output so as to protect their interests (3) effort- wasting methods of work. The aim of scientific management to him was to overcome these obstacles by a self-opinionated study of work to discover the most efficient methods of performing the play, and then a systematic study of management leading to the most efficient methods of controlli ng the workers.As Taylor puts it What the workmen want from their employers beyond anything else is high wages and what employers want from their workmen most of all is low labour cost of manufacture.the existence or absence of these two elements forms the best index to either good or bad management. (Pugh Hickson, 1996) Taylor, therefore, propounded four principles of management Development of a true science of work to replace the old rule-of thumb those fulfilling optimum goals would secure higher wages failure would result in loss of gelt. The Scientific selection and progressive increment of the worker Every worker can be trained to be first- class at some task. The mental revolution in management He argued that the major resistance to scientific management came from management as workers are all too keen to learn to do a good line of reasoning for a high rate of pay.The constant and close cooperation of management and workers Every job is divided into mixed tasks each of w hich is done by a specialist- this system he calls functional management. He besides formulates the exception principle where management reports only details deviation from the expected norm. In support of his approach, it has been argued that Taylor located the foundation for the development of other management systems for decades to come. His thinking has been developed into what is now called Work Study or Industrial Engineering. Taylors focus is understandably narrow as he was writing from scratch. Few managements have been willing to put into practice one of his basic tenets that there should be no limit to earnings or bonus- most incentive schemes are restricted. This may inhibit the mental revolution Taylor sought. The focus on division of labour leads to increased efficiency and productivity.This can be seen in some operations ranging from agile food to large industrial facilities e.g. MacDonalds or the car industry. Ford is said to have pick out his approach in 1913. Taiichi Ono of Toyota, father of JIT acknowledges his debt to scientific management. The autocratic style of leadinghip also ensures a consistency of command, clear lines of direction and control for a better focus on the job at hand. During his time, the work force was not highly educated or trained. For many, the opportunity to obtain a secure job and a level of wages to provide for their families was all they expected. Taylor, like the other classicists, have been criticised in that he heavily relied on experiences with large manufacturing companies enjoying stable environments. It may be unwise to generalize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of now that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors products.Taylor assumed that workers are only motivated by money and that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have needs unrelated to the workplac e or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil. His approach tends to ignore informal relations as characterized by social interchange among workers, the emergence of group leaders apart from those specified by the formal organization, and so forth. When such things are not considered, it is likely that many important factors affecting satisfaction and performance, such as letting employees participate in decision making and task planning, will never be explored or tried.Taylors approach aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and at achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers fails to recognize that several unintended consequences can clear in practice. A heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent, defeating their objectives. The theory was dehumanising work processes stripped jobs of skill and judgement, treating workers as machine parts. Organizati ons are influenced by external conditions that often fluctuate over time, yet his approach presents an image of an organization that is not abnormal by external influences.The Human Relations theories of ManagementThe primary functions of any organization, whether religious, political or industrial, should be to implement the needs of man to enjoy a meaningful existence. Frederick Herzberg (Pugh Hickson, 1996)Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000), an American psychologist, conducted search on 200 engineers and accountants that led him to develop the two-factor theory of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Herzbergs two-factor theory separated the elements of a job into those serving economic needs (hygiene and maintenance factors/Adam) and those meeting deeper aspirations (motivational factors/Abraham). He also relates job satisfaction and dissatisfaction to mental health. The motivators include responsibility, a sense of achievement, recognition, promotion and job attraction. These t hings are likely to motivate workers and are related directly to the job. The hygiene factors include company policy and procedures, supervision, pay, work relationships and working conditions. These factors can only reduce job dissatisfaction and they are not directly connect to the job. Making sure these factors are agreeable to the labour force prevents dissatisfaction rather than causing positive motivation.The Adam factor seeks the avoidance of dissatisfaction and the Abraham factor is linked to job satisfaction. Their absence will not cause dissatisfaction but will reduce job satisfaction. Man has the above two sets of needs explained Herzberg in a later book (work and the nature of man) his needs as an animal to avoid pain and his needs as a human to grow psychologically. A overleap in one cannot be compensated by fulfillment in the other. Herzberg therefore advocates for an industrial plan approach which would design the Abraham factor into jobs. This he called job enric hment to produce an effective utilization of people and to increase job satisfaction. When a worker does more hours at work to save money for a spend it is a movement, not motivation.From this, Herzberg suggested that reward based systems including bonuses, could only provide movement rather than long term motivation. The main criticism of Herzbergs research was the fact that the sample he used consisted of only two hundred accountants and engineers. It was also overly simplistic and blurs the distinction between satisfaction and motivation. Being pleased with doing a more challenging set of tasks does not necessarily mean it will increase motivation.It was also suggested that his research understated the role of groups and teams within the workplace. This is because groups and teams can generate a great deal of motivational influence. plain though Herzbergs work has its criticisms, his ideas have been shown to be valid in practice. This is evident in businesses because a pay rise or change in working conditions is rarely enough to produce a labour force that is highly motivated. It has also been shown that if workers perceive a wage increase to be short or working conditions are less than ideal it can have major consequences on the business and its operations. (The annual series of strikes by LU workers springs to mind).ConclusionAs Oliver Wendel Holmes quoted, When we want to know what is going on today or want to make sure what will happen tomorrow, I will look back at the past. One theory will not fit all businesses at all times, naturally. But management theories are useful in that they formulate principles of best practise. Their relevance will bet on the socio-economic, cultural and political environments in which they are applied. The gurus have all the answers, but all the answers are different. No one knows the problem . (Owen, Jo, Management stripped bare, 2012, 3rd ed.)ReferencesHulme, J.A. (2004). Critical Evaluation A schoolchild Guide. Psyc hology Review, 10, 6-8. Pugh Hickson, (1996) Writers on Organizations, (5thed) George, Claude S.1968. The History of management thought (1sted). Englewood Cliffs N.J. Prentice-hall Herzberg, F. (1959) Mausner, B Snyderman, B. the motivation to work, NY Herzberg, F. (1966) Work and the nature of man, humans publ.Herzberg, F. (1976) Managerial choice To be efficient and to be human, Dow Jones, Irwin Owen, Jo, (2012) Management stripped bare, 3rd ed.

Over Consumption in America Essay Example for Free

Over habit in America EssayOver the past 50 years, the standard of living for Ameri crumb families has doubled. close to of these families course in a two-income household in order to acquire the money needed to alive up to these standards ( penetrate). This change has enabled Ameri lowlifes to own more(prenominal) material possessions and has to a fault caused them to want even more. It is this concept of wanting(p) that is leading to the growing line of over consumption in America. People are contributing to the business by eating more and buying more and more non-essentials such as TVs, computers, and cars. People scrape themselves wanting more and more material things in order to become happy, when in actuality it may be having the reverse effect because it is not possible to ever obtain everything that he/she wants (Easterbrook 124). By living more simply we can become happier by spending more time with our families and communities and also by circumstances oth ers.In the past, TV was thought to be a way to bring the family together. until now, today, more than three quarter of American families own two or more televisions. Having multiple sets causes family members to watch different programs, in pause rooms, pulling the family apart as opposed to bringing them together. Even some children suck up TV sets in their rooms. Instead of moulding outside, kids are spending hour in front of the television (Winn 465-66)Children are also universe affected by other new electronics. High-tech childrens toys are becoming more and more common. Instead of playing outside with other kids, children in our society play video games or play on a computer. Even educational toys are being made electronic. Special laptops are being made for children as young as preschool or kindergarten. This is becoming on the whole that children know. Their generation is growing up reliant on computers. In the future they might not have a choice to loosen up and live more simply because the high tech world is all they know (Kalson).Another numeral contributing to the conundrum of over consumption is cars. For some people, owning a car can be necessary. For others, common transportation is an option. Owning one or more cars can also affect thecommunity by using unnecessary kernels of fuel and by polluting. The car also allows us to live a high-speed life story. Americans are constantly traveling or working and are not taking the time to relax as we did in the past. Americas fast paced lifestyle is part of the reason we dont spend as much time with our families and friends as in other cultures (Wilson).Americans also contribute to over consumption by the amount of food we eat. fleshiness is a growing issue in American society today. Twenty percent of children are overweight. If this problem persists, the next generation could be the first in 200 years to have a shorter life expectancy than the last. The greatest issue of this problem is fa st food and the portions of it. Instead of eating wellnessy, home cooked meals, Americans are replacing them with fat and calorie loaded fast foods and precooked meals. This problem is leading towards more health problems. 30 percent of boys and 40 percent of girls born in the year 2000 are expected to have diabetes at some point in their life. Americans can fight this problem by trying to live more like people in other countries by eating healthier foods, smaller portions, and breeding children how to eat right (Mieszkowski).Part of the reason that Americans have such a large role in this problem might possibly be because of advertising. Because our media is so widely spread and easily accessed, Americans can be more easily persuaded. This issue can also relate back to the problem of watching withal much TV. Because the United States has no regulations on advertising, anyone can be affected by any amount of advertising. Children, who are more susceptible, can be manipulated into thinking that they need something that they really dont. This problem could possibly single-minded by restricting the amount of advertising or where advertising is aloud. We can also resist this problem being more aware of it. By judging each ad to see if it is coercive, deceptive, or manipulative, we can remove the emotional appeal of the commercial and make a more rational decision (Hirschberg 61-68).However some people think that over consumption is not the problem(S)quandering money on speculative screen TVs, McMansions, restaurant meals,oversized cars and luxury vacations (are not to blame) for insolvency and all those maxed-out credit cards. Instead (it is) the high approach of housing and education (F)ixed expenses that can quickly create a sea of red ink when families type layoffs, illness, or divorce. Skyrocketing health-care costs add to the problem (Gardner).If Americans started to live more simply, we could not only gain joy by relaxing and spending more time with o ur families, but we could also give some of our unembellished money or belongings to charity. Helping those in need can give us a sense of self worth that could not be obtained by living as we do now. Linda Pierce argues that simplimetropolis values are important to enrich a persons life. She states that Limiting material possessions, Meaningful work weather paid or volunteer, relationships with friends and family, pleasurable leisure activities, and a connection to community are advanced values to strive for in order to live simply (Pierce).Over consumption is affection all Americans lives, especially the lives of children, the next generationTV and video games have vanquished running around outside. Kids in the city have as well few places to play. And (sic) ids in the suburbs have no side flings to walk on, much less places to walk to. Fewer kids walk or ride their bikes to school, either because theres no safe route, or its simply too far. At school, phys ed and recess have be en shortened or eliminated, through the double whammy of calculate cuts and he renewed emphasis on academic testing. And (sic) many schools sells junk food to kids in the cafeteria in attempt to subsidize shrinking budgets through soft drink and candy bar revenue (Mieszkowski).The thirster this problem goes unsolved, the harder it will be to overcome it. It is important to overcome this problem to gain rapture by gaining leisure time and spending more time with their families and communities and also by helping others in need. If we can accomplish this, Americans can stop associating a good life with material possessions but with personal happiness instead.Gardner, Marilyn. Do two incomes mean deeper debt?. 5 Dec. 2005 http//moneycentral.msn.com/content/CollegeandFamily/P61852.asp.Easterbrook, Gregg. The Progress Paradox. New York Random House, 2003.Hirschberg, Stuart. The Rhetoric of advertise.Kalson, Sally. Study finds toddlers immersed in electronic media. Pittsburgh Post Gaz ette. 29 Oct. 2003 D1.Mieszkowski, Katharine. Growing Up Too Fat. Salon 4 pp. 5 Dec. 2005 http//www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2005/04/16/kids_obesity/index3.html.Pierce, Linda Breen. The Simplicity Resource Guide. 5 Dec. 2005 http//www.gallagherpress.com/pierce/overview.htmhttp//www.gallagherpress.com/pierce/overview.htm.Wilson, James Q. Cars and Theirs Enemies.Winn, Marie. television receiver The Plug-In Drug.

Cognitive Interventions Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Interventions attemptIntroductionCognitive fashion therapy implicates umpteen types of therapy and can be applied in a renewing of circumstances. Dialectical expression therapy (DBT) is to the highest degree commonly known for use on clients with borderline personality disturb (BPD). However, DBT is becoming more popular and practically used when working with teens. Some adolescents participate in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Counselors divulge DBT is an effective therapy to help youth acquire the coping expertnesss lacked to stop NSSI. A review of DBT, and adolescents hurt with NSSI will better help angiotensin-converting enzyme to understand why this technique is beneficial. NonSuicidal Self-InjuryNSSI is defined as the lead and intentional destruction of ones own body tissue without an intent to die. Therefore, some(prenominal) form of self mutilation non intending to result in suicide qualifies as NSSI. The number of adolescents practicing NSSI i s alarming. Youth practicing NSSI include both sexes and e very(prenominal) racial and ethnic radical. This alarming behavior is not secluded to some(prenominal) particular type of adolescent. NSSI a good deal appears in the form of cutting with sharp objects, scratching, hitting, burning, and inserting objects under the skin. These behaviors typically come between the ages of 12-14, indicating that adolescent years ar particularly vulnerable to such practices.In addition to NSSI, these behaviors are often in conjunction with separate self-harming behaviors like eating disorders, substance abuse, and depression. Puberty can be an extremely difficult time for many people and adolescents cannot reason and rationalize as adults can therefore, youth often bring out self-harming issues because they lack fit coping skills. Last, NSSI particular(prenominal)ally refers to injuries not acquired bit attempting suicide however, 50-75% of those with a history of NSSI have also move su icide at least once. As one can put on, NSSI is an alarming behavior that needs attention (Choate, 2012).Addressing the IssueNSSI is a prevalent and serious issue that must be properly handled. Counselors and people working with NSSI youth must have an understanding of the complexity of this matter and be familiar with handling options. DBT is an minute method to attempt to help adolescents overcome NSSI behavior. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in at least seven controlled trials conducted by four independent research teams. DBT shows the most improvement, when compared to prior therapy options, to treat NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a comprehensive multimodal 16-week interference approach shot for NSSI.The multimodal addresses skills for interpersonal effectiveness, self-regulation, and distress tolerance provides structure to motivate, reinforce, exclusiveize, and generalize these skills and identifies and cooks learned behavior patterns leading to NSSI. This thera py treatment includes individual therapy, family therapy, multifamily training groups, and telephone consultations for those affect in the process. Additionally, a support team for the advocates is a part of this process. commission NSSI adolescents is an extremely stressful position so it is important for advocators to have professional peers to share their thoughts. DBT therapy for NSSI adolescents can be practiced in many settings, including inpatient or outpatient treatment (Choate, 2012).Interventions and TechniquesIndividual TherapyA firsthand counselor is paired with the adolescent through the DBT process. The relationship between the primary counselor and the client is extremely important. The make goal for the counselor is to help the adolescent develop skills for coping with stressful thoughts, events, and perceptions. An important aspect in the client therapist relationship is for the counselor to convey acceptance, validity, and trust. The primary counselor needs to remain cool down and listen with interest up to now without showing much perception. A client must not see a counselor react to stories of self-harm in the way a parent or peer talent react. The goal for the counselor is to show an understanding of the self-harming behavior while conveying acceptance and validating the adolescents thoughts and actions (Choate, 2012).The counselor shows acceptance however, the goal is to create commute. Although the counselor equalisers acceptance and change, the counselor continually challenges the client to alter any negative behavior hindering ones aliveness quality. Ultimately the thought is that acceptance and validation will speed self-change while change will facilitate self-acceptance. If the adolescent is reluctant to change the insalubrious behavior, the counselor whitethorn spend more sessions building trust and showing validation before attempting change. Additionally, a client whitethorn find it difficult to trust the counsel or is the client believes the counselor will report NSSI episodes to the adolescents parents.A balance must be created between client trust, parental rights, and confidentiality. With a proper balance allowing the youth comfort, yet abiding by regulations, an adolescent will be able to build the relationship required to develop change (Choate, 2012). Assessments should be conducted during the initial interviews with the client. These initial evaluations are either conducted in officially with an interview or formally with a structured interview and self-report tool. The DBT model allows the counselor to integrate assessment results into four DBT target treatment areas. Specific behaviors and areas are written into a treatment plan with goals for the client (Choate, 2012). Target areasA) Decreasing monstrous behaviorsB) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with therapyC) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with life qualityD) Increasing behavioral skills(Choate, 2012).As the treatmen t begins, the goal is to help the client realise the events, thoughts, or feelings one has prior to the NSSI occurrence. If one can determine factors contributing to the negative behavior, one can start to alter circumstances leading to NSSI and ultimately change the behavior. Clients are asked to champion diary card game documenting behaviors and actions surrounding NSSI behavior. The diary cards address problem behaviors, fast prior events leading to problem behavior, vulnerability factors, entire chains of events prior to problem behavior, and consequences from the behavior. Upon review of the cards the counselor can help the client identify triggers of NSSI behavior and find alternative life choices or thoughts to screw better with given situations (Choate, 2012).Multifamily scientific disciplines Training GroupsThe individual session emphasizes focus on assessment, client trust, and identifying the problem. on with identifying problems, individual therapy does encourage b ehavior change. However, multifamily group therapy focuses on skill sets needed to facilitate change. To implement behavior changes and develop coping skills, the adolescents must be aware of thoughts, feelings, and actions tolerate the pain and stress associated with unpleasant life events, regulate emotions better, and become effective at communicating emotions. The DBT approach focuses on building four inbred skillsA) heedfulnessB) distress toleranceC) Emotion regulationD) Interpersonal effectivenessAdditionally, a fifth skill was added Walking the middle path (Choate, 2012).Skill SetsSkill Set One Core MindfulnessMindfulness is acknowledging ones emotions, thoughts, and personal experiences without trying to end them, numb them, or avoid them. Learning to observe, hound, and experience emotions without judgment and while in control of ones attention is the core of brainpowerfulness. As adolescents become more aware of emotions in the present, they develop a better understan ding of their own emotions and reactions (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a model with terce states of mind to apprise mindfulness. The three mind-states are reasonable mind, emotion mind, and wise mind. Reasonable mind is controlled primarily by logic. Emotion mind is regulated significantly by emotions.Wise mind synthesizes all the ways of intimate to develop knowing through intuition, using deep inner wisdom. oftentimes time groups sessions will use acting or charades to have participants learn to understand these types of mindfulness (Choate, 2012). Group members are taught to observe their thoughts by awareness. The clients are encourage not to multitask but rather to focus on one task at a time. The feat of focusing on one task at a time is referred to as one-mindfulness. Focusing on one aspect at a time allows the client to recognize and understand the emotions related to the specific task.Skill Set Two Emotion RegulationEmotion regulation helps group members learn to recognize , observe, and describe emotions. Additionally, this skill set memorisees one to regulate intense and painful emotions, regulate vulnerability to negative emotions, and accession positive emotions. The clients begin to realize they have control over their emotions and behaviors. When one learns to alter responses to emotions it is both empowering and liberating (Choate, 2012). slipway of teaching emotion recognition often include listening to music or watching a movie. The goal is to have the client react to something, recognize, and observe ones own emotion. As clients recognize emotions they are asked to prove the responses both mentally and physically connected with the emotional reactions. Group members are taught to respond to ones own emotions with self-compassion and acceptance.Often one may believe an emotional response is wrong, silly, or unjustified. Once one understands that every emotion is justified one can accept the emotion and find a healthy response to that emot ion (Choate, 2012). An opposite aspect of emotion regulation includes reducing vulnerability by maintaining better physical health. consume well, sleeping sufficiently, exercising regularly, and avoiding substance abuse will help one regulate emotions by maintaining physical health. Ones physical health can weaken ones mind-state, and the person will be more vulnerable to NSSI and other self-harming episodes (Choate, 2012).Skill Set Three Interpersonal EffectivenessThe goal of interpersonal effectiveness is for one to maintain personal values and beliefs while improving relationships. An example of teachings in this module is that group members are often asked to remember the acronym DEAR MAN to help remember the key components of this skill set. The components Describe, Express, Assert, Reinforce, stay Mindful, Appear confident, and Negotiate. The crush method for learning this skill set is role play. Often the facilitator will pair up group members and role play a variety of sit uations using DEAR MAN (Choate, 2012).Skill Set iv Distress ToleranceStress tolerance relates to ones ability to effectively accept emotional pain, in any given situation, that cannot be changed at the time. Once one can tolerate and accept unpleasant situations, one can more effectively cope. Further skills would help the client to self-soothe and distract from emotionally painful situations (Choate, 2012). Distress tolerance skills have two categories. The first category is skills for accepting reality, and the second is skills for crisis survival. Skills for accepting reality teach clients how to accept everyday life even when it is unpleasant. Deep-breathing is a common practice for this skill. Skills for crisis survival follows more of a distraction method. The goal may be for the client to find an alternative task, practice self-soothing, or receive a break. Whatever the activity change is, the goal is to distract one from the crisis and prevent self-harming behavior (Choate , 2012).Skill Set Five Walking the Middle PathThis particular skill set works with the adolescent and family members to help those involved alter polarized mentation and live a more balanced lifestyle. The first clapperclaw is to encourage participants to abandon black and white thinking and recognize the gray area. People often need to realize that any given situation can be viewed in multiple ways, and often everyone would arrive at from viewing incidents through multiple perspectives (Choate, 2012). Common issues between adolescents and parents include strict or lenient parenting thinking lightly of serious matters, or judging harshly common adolescent behavior and pushing away, or holding too tightly.Adolescents and parents are asked to determine where they believe themselves and others to be regarding these topics, and try to come to an agreement regarding how to alter behavior and meet in the gray area (Choate, 2012). Communication and listening are key factors involved in developing this skill set. Positive reinforcement is taught to be used whenever possible as parents often think to punish negative behavior rather than reward the positive actions. Reconciling family differences can be a key component when attempting to help an adolescent stop NSSI behavior (Choate, 2012).Effectiveness of DBT for NSSIThe treatment for NSSI that has the most positive support is DBT. DBT is the high standard of therapy for reducing suicide and self-destructive behavior among clients with BPD. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in many trial studies. Not as many studies have been conducted regarding DBT and NSSI with adolescents however, a DBT model has been created for adolescents and shows very brilliant results. DBT is the highest regarded method for at risk youth. Certainly, much can always be learned regarding human constitution and therapy, and not all people will respond to the same treatment therefore, this method is certainly not effective every time, b ut it does seem very beneficial (Choate, 2012).SummaryNonsuicidal Self-injury is a serious issue. As one can see, action needs to be taken to save youth from such harmful behavior patterns. Cognitive behavior therapy, specifically dialectical behavior therapy, has many excellent interventions and strategies to help adolescents approach NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy to help adolescents with NSSI. Individual sessions focus on trust with the counselor, and identifying and acknowledging negative emotions, and behavior patterns. Additionally, the primary therapist will help the client find healthy ways to change behavior patterns and cope with life stressors (Choate, 2012).Group therapy focuses on building the skills needed to accomplish the desired changes. The five core skills sets include core mindfulness, emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, and walking the middle path. Many methods are used to t each and practice these techniques (Choate, 2012). Studies continue to determine the effectiveness of DBT with adolescents involved in NSSI. However, DBT is the standard therapy for adults facing similar issues with BPD. Additionally, DBT seems very promising as an effective method for treating NSSI adolescents.ReferencesChoate, L. H. (2012, January). Counseling adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury A dialectical behavior therapy approach.. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 56-71. EBSCOhost.

williams essay Essay Example for Free

williams es swan EssayThe Poem, Blackberries (1992), by Yusef Komunyakaa is a retrospective lookIn the Day of a life experienced by the author as a seller of blackberries when he was a10 year onetime(a) child. It is told from a first persons status so as to pronounce the level ofIntimacy to the communicative relative to the poet. In this essay, Ill allow a brief analysis of myThoughts on the poem and its effectiveness as an artistic literature.In copulation the nostalgiac setting of summer, while working as a berry pickerAnd seller, the author attempts paint an fancy of the emotional and sensual complexitiesladen through an average day on the streets Although I could smell old lime-covered History, atten Id still hold out my hands and berries fell into them. consume from one and filling a half gallon withthe other. (MLM , Komunyakaa, Blackberries PPG 147-148) .Through his description in detailing the patience of picking berries and being challenged notto eat them, he s howcases a conflict that hes intelligibly been faced with, in the face of hisduty.This conflict is later alluded to, from a more lustful point of involvelater in the piece.When the author posits his disposition even further, he goes on to say I ate themythology dreamt of pies and cobbler, almost (MLM, Komunyakaa, Blackberries PPG 147-148). It seems with this statement the author is implying that he is impoverished. When heuses the memories of his poverty as a child in his descriptions, it gives the poem a verymelancholic tone one of sympathy, even. Yet, still, in recite these days of hardship,he still finds the nostalgia of being with his dog and among natures elements. Needful as forgiveness. My razz dog Spot. Eyed blue jays thrashers. The mud frogs in rich blackness,hid from daylight. (MLM, Komunyakaa, Blackberries PPG 147-148) . To balance the conflictwith a craving to be in simpler times, with a connection to the animals and nature, givesthe piece a much needed lighter t ouch.As the poem winds down, the author spans the poem from the beginning of his days journey to a point where he recalls the hook shot of air conditioning in contrast to theseemingly excessive heat of the day. The big blue elevator car made me sweat. Wintertimecrawled out of the windows. When I leaned closer I saw the boy and girl my age, in thewide back seat smirking.. (MLM, Komunyakaa, Blackberries PPG.147-148)The context in him describing this observation was cynical, in my opinion. Throughout thepoem the author has struck a delicate balance in expanding on moments in his life thatwould otherwise be forgettable to anyone else, and discovering the beauty in those verymoments that made the experience worthwhile.Overall, Blackberries, by Yusef Komunyakaa is a short, autobiographicalnarrative integral to the authors experience as an impoverished boy. The poem begins asworkmans like federal agency of a commodity he seemed to be burdened, yet enamoredby. In detailing hi toilsome allegorical appreciation for the fruit, he seems challenge toreconcile his desires with his duty as a laborer and a provider. Though, in recalling hismemories, he writes with such a clarity and strength in his descriptions, that someunappealing moments, were sightly in their nobility.

The War Play Dilemma Essay Example for Free

The struggle Play Dilemma EssayAs violence in the media and media-linked toys cast ups, pargonnts and teachers argon also seeing an increase in childrens struggle play. The authors produce revised this popular text to provide more practical commission for working with children to kick upstairs creative play, and for positively influencing the less(prenominal)ons near violence children are fiting. Using a developmental and sociopolitical viewpoint, the authors examine five possible strategies for resolving the contend play dilemma and show which best settle with both points of view banning fight play taking a laissez-faire approach allowing state of contend play with specified limits actively facilitating war play and limiting war play while providing substitute(a) ways to work on the issues. New for the Second Edition * More anecdotal material ab come in adults and childrens experiences with war play, including examples from both situation and school settings.* Greater emphasis on the impact of media and commercialization on childrens war play, including recent trends in media, programming, marketing, and war toys. * Expanded discussion about the importance of the distinction surrounded by imitative and creative war play. * Summary boxes of key points directed at teachers or parents. * New discipline about cherry video games, media cross feeding, and gender development and sex-role stereotyping. * A more extensive leaning of resources and further reading for adults and children. Here is a short pdf article by wholeness of the authors on galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) of these themes Beyond Banning War and Superhero Playhttp//www.lionlamb.org/young%20children-war%20play.pdf A few key ideas from the bookThe deregulation of childrens media during the early 1980s (Reagan administration) led to an alliance of media companies and toy companies and otherwise companies ( bid food companies) the result of this is an immersion for legi on(predicate) children in an interlinked experience of seeing media about violence, purchasing cerebrate action formulas and toys and video games, andhaving these items promoted every swan they go (whether to buy fast-food or just in other kids homes). This is a big change from the media milieu from the 1960s and 1970s that numerous of to daylights parents grew up in. The authors point out that the behaviors promoted by this alliance tend to be very sex-role stereotypical, as in boys need to be fighters and girls need to be princesses. For many children, the authors suggest they discount possess locked into a pattern of endless cycling through stereotyped behaviors.While it is true that knights and princesses have long been important positions of many childrens play (so this is non intended to dismiss that), what has changed for almost children is the smelling and extremeness of those experience beca go for of the high degree of continual interrelated media/toy/game/food saturation. Rather than children cosmea able to express themselves building on those knight/princess themes in their own unique ways, because of the coordinated marketing, for many children there becomes only one way to be a knight or a princess (as defined by some media and accompanying purchased toys to be used in only very precise and delimit ways). The book focuses mainly on the boy phonation of this equation. One of the authors has writings on the female stereotyping opinion of media and other issues, described here http//www.dianeelevin.com/writing.htmlThe dilemma is about a fundamental conflict parents face when dealings with war play. On the one hand, most parents want children to grow and develop by working through developmental issues (like encyclopaedism to deal with conflict, learning self-control, and learning respect for themselves and others through play, including play involving conflicts as hands-on-learning). On the other hand, most parents want to conve y social values related to their beliefs about violence and war as ways to solve social conflicts. The authors clearly do not say all war play is bad, and they also point out that even a cracker can be morose into a gun with one bite. The authors say there are no patrician general answers to this dilemma in all events, but provide a locate of options. They suggest younger kids have perplexity distinguishing surrounded by fantasy and reality, and when children are getting hurt, they suggest pointing out to the children what is obvious to any adult, that some other child is just pretending to be a bad guy and they are not genuinely a bad guy. (It can also helps to try to break out of the bad guy / sizeable guymindset entirely, to talk about bad actions or else of bad commonwealth.)There are a variety of things one can say and do for children who have gotten locked into a repetitive cycle of war play. They give examples of questions to ask to try to help children broaden thei r behavioral options in regard to war play. These range from asking how the heavy weapons are supposed to work, asking what if the weapon did some other thing (like sprayed foam instead of bullets), to asking what the bad guy does when he is not fighting. As an example of expanding behavioral possibilities, perhaps an come to in, say, light sabers might eventually lead to an interest in math and physics. Here are some funny related web pages http//entertainment.howstuffworks.com/lightsaber.htm Have you ever wondered how these remarkable weapons work?Where does the energy come from, and how are they able to contain that energy in a rod-like column of glowing power? In this article, you entrust have a chance to look inside a lightsaber and discover the source of its incredible vitrineistics. Lets get started And an interest in light sabers might lead to imagining other non-stereotyped uses for one, also from that site http//entertainment.howstuffworks.com/lightsaber3.htm If you ar e well-heeled enough to acquire a lightsaber, you are probably purchasing it for personal defense purposes. A lightsaber all blows away a can of pepper spray as a deterrent in muggings or robberies.However, many new owners are pleasantly surprised by the many domestic uses of a lightsaber nearly the home or office. Lets examine a few of the more common applications here, and thence you can use your imagination to come up with others. One example there is how a lightsaber can both narrow and toast a bagel at the same time. From the table of contents, here is the list of topics in their rule of thumbs for end the War Play Dilemma (each topic has a few pages of explanation and suggestions) * Guideline 1 ricochet Childrens Exposure to Violence* Guideline 2 Help Children Engage in Creative and Meaningful melodramatic Play * Guideline 3 Learn as Much as You Can about the media scenes kids view * Guideline 4 In Childrens War Play, Address the Issues* Guideline 5 Work to Counteract the Lessons About Violence andStereotyping * Guideline 6 Make Keeping the Play Safe You Highest Priority * Guideline 7 Limit the practise of Highly Structured Violent Toys * Guideline 8 Work to Counteract Highly Stereotyped and bound Gender Roles * Guideline 9 Create an On sacking Dialog Between Educators and Parents In my own life, I grew up universe taught in public school that I lived in a modern day Athens. As Ive grow former(a), and paid more attention to politics and where taxes go, it feels more to me more like I live in a modern day S subprograma. Here is a long list of where many of our tax dollars have gone http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_history_events I was surprised to learn how long that list is, regardless of how one feels about the value of any specific event.Ive come to agree with the late Major General Smedley D. butler (USMC Retired), based on his decades of combat experience, that War is a Racket http//www.lexrex.com/enlightened/a rticles/warisa randomness.htm Major General pantryman talks about what war means for adults in our society in his essay. He starts War is a racket. It always has been. It is possibly the oldest, easily the most profitable, surely the most vicious. It is the only one inter case in scope. It is the only one in which the profits are reckoned in dollars and the losses in lives. A racket is best described, I believe, as something that is not what it seems to the majority of the people. Only a small inside meeting knows what it is about. It is conducted for the benefit of the very few, at the expense of the very many. Out of war a few people make huge fortunes. And it seems that, even while The War Play Dilemma book does not forebode that sort of global issue, a related profit motive seems to have seeped down over the prehistorical couple of decades into the media and toy environment that shapes part of our childrens lives (even against our wishes).It seems a few people are making a lot of money at the expense of our childrens balanced lives, to the degree war play has changed over the ago few decades to become more and more commercially driven in all pervasive integrated ways (as documented in The War Play Dilemma). So, sadly, Id suggest War Play is a Racket, too. And it is easy to say Well, if you dont believe in war play, just say no, but the event is that just aphorism no is difficult in a culture saturated both in real war and in war play (without total isolation). The book talks about that difficulty.Even just going to a local 5 10 store near where we live, about half the prominently displayed toys are war-themed action figures or weapons of various sorts an entire wall of them. Also, many types of media may start off non-violent or less-violent but turn more violent over time (whether Harry Potter as the serial progresses or the Wall-e video game which about a third of the way through starts requiring intentionally putting to death other robots to make progress, unlike the movie).And then there is the fact that what may be tolerable for older kids may not be so smashing for younger kids, so any family with two children of dissimilar ages faces another set of difficulties. Also, just saying no ignores the dilemma the fact that children do need to learn how to deal with conflict, and many do need to physically work through various issues in their outgrowth lives in some way. The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles concept was one of the first big profitable ventures in integrating violent-themed media with toy sales and other sales http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_TurtlesToys_and_merchandise That theme has made over a jillion dollars for some, as described on that page Much of the Turtles mainstream success is owed to a licensing agent, Mark Freedman, who sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the offbeat property.In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 mm lead f igurines. In January 1988, they visited the offices of Playmates Toys Inc, a small California toy company who wished to expand into the action figure market. Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV serial, and the subsequent action figure line, the TMNT were presently catapulted into pop culture history. At the height of the frenzy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Turtles likenesses could be imbed on a wide range of childrens merchandise, from PEZ dispensers to skateboards, breakfast cereal, toothpaste, video games, school supplies and cameras.How can you avoid something when it is in all those places?Again from Wikipedia For many parents in the late 1980s, the Ninja Turtles phenomenon represented the latest in a series of shrewd cartoon-toy marketing strategies, a trend that had proven very profitable with Masters of the Universe, Transformers, and a entertain of other good vs. evilaction-adventure franchises. Parents often found themselves at odd s with children who demanded scads of toys and accessories after being subjected to so-called 30 minute commercials delivered via after-school television. That Turtle concept is one of the obvious successes which has fueled a huge child-focused industry trying to repeat that financial gain by inventing the next violent characters with weapon merchandising tie-ins. Star Wars is another franchise which has been a similar success marketing to kids, in part because, while George Lucas signed away the distribution rights to the first Star Wars movie, he managed to retain the marketing rights to related products (in part because no one thought Star Wars would be very valuable as a media property). See http//www.supershadow.com/starwars/history.htmlGrowing up, I saw Superman, Spiderman, Batman, Star Trek, and so on on TV, and Star Wars several(prenominal) times in theaters, but the level of integrated marketing was much lower then, and there were many other shows for kids as well that were slower paced and generally resolved conflicts non-violently (Mr. Ed, Green Acres, Sealab 2020, the Andy Griffith Show, etc.). Even Lego now has ties to violent media. And also it was not easy to see the same episode more that once, so there was less channeling of behavior into repetitive acts.Im not saying getting lost in violent play did not happen to some kids, just that is was harder back then to be that immersed in a violent media world continuously, especially as a pre-teen (not impossible, just harder). The book explains why is a more difficult situation to deal with these days. Reading that book gave me some more perspective on the situation as a parent, and why it is so hard to come up with useful approaches, especially given the tension between a desire to help children learn by working through conflicts and a desire to stretch out on social values. Some other related resources Ive found usefulA bookNo Contest The Case Against Competition by Alfie Kohn http//www.amazon.co m/No-Contest-Case-Against-Competition/dp/0395631254 He persuasively demonstrates how the ingrained American story that competition is the only normal and desirable way of life from Little Leagues to thepresidency is counterproductive, personally and for the national economy, and how psychologically it poisons relationships, fosters anxiety and takes the fun out of work and play. He charges that competition is a learned phenomenon and denies that it builds character and self-esteem. Kohns measures to encourage cooperation in lieu of competition include promoting noncompetitive games, eliminating scholastic grades and substitution of mutual guarantor for national security. Here is a small family run company that sells non-competitive games http//www.familypastimes.com/It amazes me it took me forty plus years in the lead compete a board game where you help each other instead of try to most hurt each other. Here is another related book to understand the seductiveness of war play, both for adults and children http//www.amazon.com/War-Force-that-Gives-Meaning/dp/1400034639 The communal march against an enemy generates a warm, unfamiliar bond with our neighbors, our community, our nation, wiping out unsettling undercurrents of alienation and dislocation, writes Chris Hedges, a opposed correspondent for the New York Times.In War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning, Hedges draws on his experiences covering conflicts in Bosnia, El Salvador and Israel as well as works of literature from the Iliad to Hannah Arendts The Origins of Totalitarianism to look at what makes war so intoxicating for soldiers, politicians and ordinary citizens. That seductiveness in one reason that selling violent media about good versus evil is such a profitable thing in our culture. It is seductive to think all of lifes line would go away if we could identify all the bad people responsible for making trouble and then kill them all(*) but that unfortunately all too often leads to genocide Th e Eight Stages of Genocidehttp//www.genocidewatch.org/eightstages.htm each(prenominal) cultures have categories to distinguish people into us and them by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. Bipolar societies that lack tangled categories, such as Rwanda and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide. The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend ethnic or racial divisions, that actively promote tolerance and understanding, andthat promote classifications that transcend the divisions.The Catholic church could have played this role in Rwanda, had it not been riven by the same ethnic cleavages as Rwandan society. Promotion of a common language in countries like Tanzania or Cote dIvoire has also promoted transcendent national identity. This search for common ground is vital to early measure of genocide. And an alternative view on interminable game playing from one of my wifes favorite bo oks by throng P. Carse http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_and_Infinite_Games In short, a finite game is played with the purpose of winning (thus ending the game), while an infinite game is played with the purpose of continuing the play. And of course, there is Mister RogersWhat do you do? (with the Mad That You Feel)http//pbskids.org/rogers/songlist/song7.htmlAnyway, whatever one may think about the political necessity of past or current US wars, the fact is that even for the most dedicated military families, having their own children learn diplomatic options for resolving conflicts is important, as is learning how to contain the expression of violence to whatever is deemed socially appropriate for the situation (including the difficulty of coming home after being in a war zone). While it is true that a big part of military basic training involves desensitizing people to killing other people, another big part of military training involves learning to only kill on command according t o rules of engagement. For many kids playing at war, even being able to learn rules of engagement like dont shoot unarmed civilians would be an improvement. Even the top military brass advocate alternatives to violence U.S. Military Chief Urges More slightness