Space Tourism Analysis

Executive Summary The important finding of the study is that there is a significant likelihood for people to travel into space. The descriptive statistics of income allocated to space tourism shows that about 90% of the respondents are willing to allocate the income that they earn within a period of less than a year. Additionally, descriptive statistics of respondents’ occupations indicate that the majority of respondents are white-collar professionals, blue-collar employees, and students.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Space Tourism Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chi-square test and multiple regression analysis also shows that the level of education, age, and cost of space tourism are significant predictors of income allocated to space tourism. However, income allocated to space tourism does not vary according to the gender and occupation of potential tourists. In spite of the robust findings , the limitations are biased representation of potential customers and poor responses, which reduce both internal and external validities of the study. Research Objectives To perform descriptive analysis of the income allocated to the space tourism and the current occupation of a potential space tourists. Test the hypothesis using one-sample t-test to establish the willingness of respondents to undertake space tourism. To determine the influence of gender on income allocated to space tourism using independent samples t-test. Perform one-way ANOVA to determine the differences of income allocated among the occupations of respondents. Chi-square test to determine the association between the amounts of income allocated to the space tourism and preferred length of stay in space. Determine predictors of income allocated to space tourism using multiple regression test. Descriptive Statistics Income Prepared to Allocated to the Space Trip Analysis of the proportion of income that potentia l tourists are willing to spend on space tourism is important because it indicates their purchasing power. Gibson (2012) argues that a space tourism company needs to understand the amount of potential money that customers are willing to spend on space tourism so that it can design products and tourism packages that meet the demands of customers, as well as enable the company to optimize profits. Table 1 Statistics Income Prepared to Allocate to a Space Trip N Valid 279 Missing 267 Mean 2.87 Std. Error of Mean .080 Median 3.00 Mode 3 Std. Deviation 1.337 Variance 1.786 Skewness .796 Std. Error of Skewness .146 Kurtosis .641 Std. Error of Kurtosis .291 Range 6 Minimum 1 Maximum 7 Sum 802 From the descriptive table, measures of central tendency are 2.87, 3, and 3 for mean, median, and mode respectively. This means that the majority of the respondents are willing to spend on space tourism income that they earn in 3 months. Regarding measures of di spersion, standard deviation indicates that the majority of respondents are willing to spend on space tourism between one week’s income and 3 months’ income (M = 2.87 ±1.337). Although respondents indicate that they are willing to spend the amount of money that ranges from a month’s income to 5-years’ income, the allocated income skews towards income earned in less than a year. The frequency table indicates the distribution of respondents according to the amount of income they are willing to spend on space tourism. The significant information in the frequency table is that most of the respondents (86) are willing to spend 3 months’ income on space tourism, followed by a month’s income (82), and the third is a week’s income (38).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1 The histogram illustrates the distribution of income among different periods, which shows that most respondents are willing to spend between 3 months’ income to a month’s income on space tourism. Moreover, it illustrates the skewed distribution towards short periods of income. Current Occupation The current occupation of the potential customers is important to the space tourism because it enables marketing managers to understand the nature of customers they are targeting. For the space tourism to be successful, it must target certain kind of customers and define its market niche by targeting customers with specific socioeconomic attributes such as occupation. Table 2 Statistics Current Occupation N Valid 543 Missing 3 Mean 4.22 Std. Error of Mean .109 Median 4.00 Mode 4 Std. Deviation 2.548 Variance 6.490 Skewness .400 Std. Error of Skewness .105 Kurtosis -.935 Std. Error of Kurtosis .209 Range 8 Minimum 1 Maximum 9 Sum 2289 The measures of central tendency in the descriptive tabl e are 4.22, 4, and 4 for mean, median, and mode respectively. These descriptive statistics imply that the white-collar professionals formed the majority of the respondents. Comparatively, measures of dispersion show that the respondents’ occupations comprise of students, blue-collar, white-collar, contractors and businesspersons (M = 4 ±2.54). The frequency table above shows the distribution of respondents according to their occupations. The leading respondents are white-collar professionals (149) followed by students (123), and then blue-collar employees (73) come third. The histogram illustrates that white-collar professionals and students are major respondents.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Space Tourism Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2 Testing of Hypotheses The Likelihood of Traveling in Space H0: There is no significant likelihood of the person wanting to travel into space, ha ving the interest, and having undertaking. H1: There is a very significant likelihood of the person wanting to travel into space, having the interests and having undertaking. Table 3 One-Sample Test Test Value = 1 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper like to do astronomical observation -21.847 314 .000 -.603 -.66 -.55 risks taken in recreation and leisure 37.611 310 .000 2.585 2.45 2.72 Travelled outside Australia 26.418 301 .000 .699 .65 .75 like to play sport -21.278 314 .000 -.590 -.65 -.54 travelled to poles -210.000 210 .000 -.995 -1.00 -.99 like to play in zero g -15.748 314 .000 -.441 -.50 -.39 From the one-sample test table, it is evident that all variables that measure the likelihood of a person wanting to travel into space, having the interest, and having the undertakings are statistically significant (p0.05). This implies that the test rejects the null hypothesis and accepts that alternative hy pothesis, which states that there is a very significant likelihood of the person wanting to travel into space, having the interests and having undertaking. Gender and Income Allocated to Space Hypotheses H0: The amounts of income that male and female respondents are willing to allocate to space tourism are not significantly differentAdvertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More H1: The amounts of income that male and female respondents are willing to allocate to space tourism are significantly different. Table 4 Independent Samples Test Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Income prepared to allocate to a space trip Equal variances assumed .167 .683 1.388 277 .166 .222 .160 -.093 .537 Equal variances not assumed 1.387 273.559 .166 .222 .160 -.093 .537 The independent samples t-test shows that the difference in the amounts of income that male and female respondents are willing to allocate to space tourism are not significantly different (p0.05). Hence, it implies that the independent t-test fails to reject the null hypothesis, and hence, male and female respondents have equal capacities of being space tourists. Current Occupation and Income Allocated to Space Tourism Hypotheses H0: The amounts of income allocated to space tourism have no significant differences across the occupations. H1: The amounts of income allocated to space tourism have significant differences across the occupations.. Table 5 ANOVA Income Prepared to Allocate to a Apace Trip Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 26.133 8 3.267 1.871 .065 Within Groups 469.708 269 1.746 Total 495.842 277 The ANOVA table shows that there is no significant difference in the amounts of income allocated to space tourism among respondents in diverse occupations (p0.05). Post hoc analysis also affirms that there is no significant difference in the amounts of income allocated among diverse occupations. Hence, the ANOVA test fails to reject the null hypothesis and affirms that occupations does not influence income allocated to space tourism. The Association between Income Allocated and Preferred Length of Stay Hypotheses H0: There is no significant association between income all ocated to space tourism and preferred length of stay. H1: There is a significant association between income allocated to space tourism and preferred length of stay. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 36.658a 24 .047 Likelihood Ratio 38.128 24 .034 Linear-by-Linear Association 7.572 1 .006 N of Valid Cases 264 The chi-square test indicates that there is a significant association between income allocated to space tourism and preferred length of stay (p0.05). This means that the amount of income allocated determines length of stay in space. Multiple Regression Analysis Hypotheses H0: Level of education, preferred length of stay, cost, and age are not significant predictors of income allocated to tourism. H1: Level of education, preferred length of stay, cost, and age are significant predictors of income allocated to tourism. Table 6 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .622a .387 .378 1.0 43 The multiple regression coefficient (R) is 0.622, which means that this regression model predicts the income allocated to space tourism. Table 7 ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 175.352 4 43.838 40.290 .000b Residual 277.459 255 1.088 Total 452.812 259 Moreover, the multiple regression coefficient is significant (p0.05). This means that the regression analysis rejects the null hypothesis and accepts the alternative one, which states that level of education, preferred length of stay, cost, and age are significant predictors of income allocated to tourism Table 8 Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .757 .287 2.638 .009 highest level of formal education .106 .051 .107 2.099 .037 preferred length of stay in space .089 .060 .074 1.478 .141 pay for 2-day trip 1-night stay .585 .054 .559 10.872 .000 age .095 .053 .090 1.801 .073 The c oefficient table shows that all the independent variables are significant predictors except preferred length of stay. Hence, regression model has the following equation: – Income allocated = 0.757 + (0.106 Ãâ€" education level) + (0.089 Ãâ€" preferred length of stay) + (0.585 Ãâ€" Cost) + (0.095 Ãâ€" age). Discussion, Interpretation, and Implications of the Findings The descriptive statistics of the income allocated to the space tourism indicates that most potential tourists are willing to spend less than a year’s income on space tourism. Specifically, most of the respondents are willing to spend between 6 months’ income and a week’s income on space tourism. This implies that marketing managers need to tailor products of space tourism to suit the purchasing power of the potential customers, which should not exceed a year’s income. If the marketing managers design products that suit a year’s income, they will target about 90% of the poten tial customers, which is quite significant. Regarding the descriptive statistics of the current occupation, the occupations of the majority of the respondents are white-collar professionals, blue-collar employees, and students. This means that marketing managers need to target people with these occupations because they are potential customers who are willing to travel in space. According to Crouch (2001), estimation of the market size is a considerable challenge that space tourism is facing. In this view, the descriptive statistics indicate that white-collar professionals, blue-collar employees, and students are the potential customers, and thus enabling marketing managers to focus their attention on them. Hypothesis testing to establish if there is a very significant likelihood of the people wanting to travel into space, having the interests, and having undertaking gives robust findings to the space tourism. The hypothesis indicates that the existence of the significant likelihood that potential customers want to do astronomical observation, take risks in recreation and leisure, travel to the poles, play sports, and travel to space. These findings have considerable implication to space tourism as it informs marketing managers of the existence of a huge market, which they need to tap and utilize in expanding space tourism. Gender is demographic factor that may influence the distribution of resources and consequently income allocated to space tourism. In establishing if there is any significant difference in the allocation of income between male and female respondents, the findings show that the difference is insignificant. Jordan (2008) asserts that gendered space tourism creates an exclusive environment, which has detrimental effects on the growth of space tourism. In this view, marketing managers should target potential customers equally, irrespective of their gender because they have equal capacity in allocating their income to space tourism. Analysis of va riance indicates that the allocation of income to space tourism does not vary according to the occupation. Given that occupation does not influence allocation of income to space tourism, marketing managers should target potential customers equally without considering their occupations. Moreover, marketing managers should understand that what matters to the space tourism is the purchasing power of customers, and not their occupation. Hjalager (2007) states that economic globalization is a driving force of tourism, which marketing managers need to harness in targeting potential customers. The chi ­-square test established that there is a significant association between preferred length of stay and income allocated. This information is important to marketing managers because it helps them in designing tourism packages according to the purchasing power of customers and preferred length of stay. In this view, marketing managers should understand that those who plan to use income earned in a short period want to take a short period in space, while those who plan to use income earned in a long period want to stay for a long period in space. Multiple regression analysis shows that the level of education, cost of space tourism, and age are significant predictors of income allocated to space tourism. These predictors correlate positively with the income allocated to space tourism. Hence, marketing managers need to understand that educational level, pay for a two-day trip and one night stay, and age determine the amount of income that potential tourists allocate to space tourism. This means that potential tourists with different education levels and different ages require unique packages that suit their needs. Botterill and Platenkamp (2012) argue that the tourism industry should customize their products according to the unique needs of their customers. Hence, marketing managers should utilize these findings in customizing their products according to the needs of space tourists. Conclusion Descriptive analysis of income allocated to space tourism shows that about 90% of the respondents are willing to spend income that they earn within a period of less than a year. Moreover, descriptive statistics of occupation indicate that the majority of respondents are white-collar professionals, blue-collar employees, and students. Importantly, the findings indicate that there is a significant likelihood for people to travel into space. The chi-square test indicates that the length of stay associate with the income allocated to space tourism. Multiple regression analysis also shows that the level of education, age, and cost of space tourism are significant predictors of income allocated to space tourism. However, income allocated to space tourism does not vary according to the gender and occupation of potential tourists. The limitation of the analysis is that most of the respondents are white-collar professionals, blue-collar employees, and students, and thus do not significantly represent the potential customers of space tourism. Additionally, about half of the respondents did not answer the questionnaires well regarding income allocated to space tourism; hence, making statistical analysis to have low internal and external validities. References Botterill, D Platenkamp, V 2012, Key Concepts in Tourism Research, SAGE Publisher, New York. Crouch, G. 2001, ‘The Market for Space Tourism: Early Indications’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 40 no. 2, pp. 213-219. Gibson, D 2012, Commercial Space Tourism: Impediments to Industrial Development and Strategic Communication Solutions, Bentham Science Publishers, Sharjah. Hjalager, A 2007, ‘Stages in the Economic Globalization of Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 34 no. 2, pp. 437-457. Jordan, F 2008, ‘Performing tourism: Exploring the Productive Consumption of Tourism in Enclavic Spaces’, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 10 no. 4, p p. 293-304. This report on Space Tourism Analysis was written and submitted by user ShaneYamada-Jones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested

Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested By Maeve Maddox The constant misuse of disinterested for uninterested is breaking down a very useful distinction of meaning. To be uninterested is to be lacking in any sense of engagement with the matter: Sallie is uninterested in algebra. To be disinterested is to lack bias: Let the company call in a disinterested mediator to settle the dispute. The use of disinterest as a verb should probably be avoided: Her husband tried to disinterest her in taking the course in German. Better: Her husband tried to discourage her from taking the course in German. If the person you are describing is not interested in something, use uninterested. Save disinterested for the judge. Heres a quote from a NY Times article: The passing of the old sense of interest took disinterestedness over the side along with it. Usage critics exaggerate when they lament the disappearance of the sense of disinterested that means, roughly, impartial. That meaning still accounts for a majority of its uses in the press. But disinterested isnt a word that comes up much when we try to define political virtue. Theres no place to stand thats free from what William Dean Howells called the sordid competition of interests, now that interest itself has been given so broad a charter. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherDifference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example Marketers are able to direct and instant feedback from their products thus being able to make changes on their products as well as knowing where their target clients are located. On the social front, visual media has help promote interaction among people from various parts of the world thus promoting rapid sharing of positive ideas and programs. On the other hand, visual media can impact negatively on those exposed to it such as children. This can take place when the content is violent or appear unethical. It may lead to depression, anxiety, nightmares or aggressive conduct (Baehr & Snyder, 2003). Some children may go to the extent of missing out from school, having sleeping problems or show general withdrawal syndrome. Some items posted for marketing may be different from what they actually look like hence online shoppers can be cheated. There are ethical concerns associated with this shift. There have increased the rate of unfair business operations that can take advantage of less sensitive business

SOCIAL SCIENCE (PATIENT NARRATIVE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SOCIAL SCIENCE (PATIENT NARRATIVE) - Essay Example models â€Å"chronic diseases have become more important than the persons who harbor them.† However, there have been shifts to models that consider other factors such as social, psychological and environmental in shaping the context of a disease and illness. An example is the bio-psychosocial model which acknowledges that in a disease context, there are many factors such as behaviour and attitude towards the illness, social as well as psychological factors (Engel, 2012). The narratives from the patients are today extensively applied to explore the patient experiences with illness (Charon 2001; Kleinman 1988). Management of chronic diseases (Huyse, et al., 1999) require a holistic approach where both the patient and the medical team share feelings and emotional characteristics influencing the conditions experienced in the life of the patient. In this assignment, a patient’s story on his experience with diabetes will be explored with an aim to construct the cultural, soci al and psychological meaning and locate the facts in contemporary theoretical perspectives. The real names and hospital where the patient, whose narrative is to be used in this analysis, was encountered have been altered to comply with the NMC guidelines and policies of confidentiality (NMC, 2008). During my placement this year, a 52 year old man, Mr. Browns, walked into our clinic to seek medical attention on his wanting chronic condition. Mr. Browns showed symptoms such as occasional tiredness. He passed out a lot of urine and was continuously in thirst. He had a huge body size which made him feel more tired. He occasionally complained to be allowed to prostrate on the coach as he conversed rather than sitting as other patients did. Mr. Browns was born in London where he lives to date. These symptoms clearly linked Mr. Browns’ condition to type 2 diabetes (Blaxter, 1983). Upon further diagnosis, Mr. Browns’ diabetic condition was found to have escalated to almost severe states and required

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay Firstly Edward Mybridge used 24 cameras to record the actions of Humans in Motion stop motion pictures. By this method they learned the dynamics of animal movement. In 1880s Thaumatrope two side one side with bird and other side with cage when twirl it the two image superimpose on each other and the bird will appear inside the cage because of the persistance of vission. Zoetrope is the series of images which are drawn and placed in a cylindrical object when the object revolves the images in a cylinder creates the illusion of motion and creates an animation in 1860s. 1878- THE PRAXINOSCOPE It is similar to the Zeotrope but its requiring mirrors to project the image. Emile Reynaud was the first person to opened first movie theater in Paris using the Praxinoscope. 1891- THE KINETOSCOPE The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison built on the previous models a model of his own which is considered to be the first cinema machine. It consisted of a box through which a reel of photos were passed, at a rate of 46 images per second, and lit by an incandescent lamp; the spectator could see the show through a peephole. In 1896 he shot the first movie kiss of all time. 1894- THE CINEMATOGRAPH In 1894 the French duo of Lumiere brothers created the first real movie camera. They were intrigued by the Kinetoscope and tried to build a better model themselves. They came up with a machine which the called the Cinematograph which was a combination of a camera and a projector. In 1895 they shot the first movie called Date. This movie is considered to be the birth of cinema. Flip Book is the process of drawing a picture some semilar to the another, by fliping the page the an animation is being create. The similar process is also called cel animation. Cel and Paper Animation Technique By mid of 1910s animation production in US was already controlled by the techniques of cell and paper. America was the most popular in cell animation than in Europe because of assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm.Cell Animation wass most appropriate way to the assembly line style of manufacturing because itook a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple respective duties. On the other hand in Europe where the assembly line style of work was not encouragd, clay animation and other form of animation that required only a few individuals working on the set at a time was more popular. Because the actual set can only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forums of animation became more widely accepted. Disney Cell Animation By drawing each image background and layout of scene one at a time using onion-skinning technique. The element or character which might have movement are drawn on transparent sheet of paper known as Cels and laid over the background which is static. Only moving elements need to be redrawn, backgroung can also be drawn longer and moved to give the effect of travelling. For eg- The simpsons, South park etc. These days most of the work done on Computer. Synched Sound : Steamboat Willie was released on November 18th 1928 by Disney. The first cartoon synchronized with sound titledSteamboat Willie was created by Disney. Firstly Didney tried to get a deal with RCA or Western Electronic to record the sound track of the movie but it was not succided. Then Walt signed contract with botleg Powers Cinephone process and even with disastorous finally the first sound track in a session was recorded with a 15-pice band and his own Micky squeaks. The Future of Animation 3D Animation Toy Story released November 22nd 1995 On enterance of computer graphics and 3D softwares the feature length film of high graphics can virtually be created in 3D. Toy Story is considered to be the first full length animated feature film which ever made on computer graphics. Toy Story was made by the partners Disney and Pixar. Story board of the movie to final render created in CG digital imagery. Combination of 3D 2D The Iron Giant released on 1999. If we see the Iron Giant it looks like the traditionaliy drawn cell by cell but its not true the giant robot is actually made and designed in 3D software and rendered as a 2D image. Autodesk Maya was used to design this character. One of the most important advantage in creating 3D software is that it is easy to animate no need of frame by frame drawing. Also most of the backgrond which looks like 2D were also made in 3D software and rendered as 2D image. Fishing released on 1999 Pacific Data Images use of non realistic photo, realistic water colour effect rendering in 3D software. Character Animation is all about what the character is thinking .At times, he was getting lost. Is he happy or sad? So we punched it up. Rather then having him just look up at the sky, we had him jump off the ground just a bit. That touch better communicates what he is thinking, what his feeling. Thats all I do all day long as a character animator- move 3D models to look like their thinking David Gainey Dinosaur released in 2000 With the development of the technologies of Computer Graphics it introduce a new and more realistic CGI characters accordingly those seen in Dinosaur. The creation, design and implementation of real technology of realistic digital hair on the lemurs are elaborated. Kung Fu Panda was released on November 9th 2008 with the development of advanced technology DVDs and Blue-ray Disc produced by DreamWorks Animation and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. However the concept of Kung Fu Panda has been around since 1993, but the work started on this feature film in 2004 because of the flexibility of the software flexibility or the software development. Berief History of Indian Animation Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema he produced 95 movies and 26 short films in his 19 years career. Ek Anek Aur Ekta, a short traditional animated short educational film was released in 1974 was considered as the first animated film from India from Doordarshans Film Division. The theme of the film is to teach children the value of unity. This film was the first animated films from India which was broadcast on National television channel and it was broadcast in the nations official language Hindi. The first Indian animated television series is Ghayab Aaya was released in 1986 and it is directed by Suddhasattwa Basu. And Rodeside Romeo is the first Indian 3D Animated film was written and directed by Jugal Hansraj and was produced by a joint project between Yash Raj Films and the Indian Division of the Walt Disney Company. Development of Animation Principles: Almost all of the principles of traditional animation were developed at the Walt Disney Studios in 1930s. The principles of the animation were developed to make good animation, especially character animation, more realistic and entertaining. All the principle which was developed during the traditional animation is applied to 3D CG animation. There are 28 Principles of Animation out of those 12 principles are considered as basic but most important principles of animation introduced by the Disney animators Ollie Johnstone and Frank Thomas in 19 81 in the book called The Illusion of Disney Animation. Their effort is to produce more realistic animations The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation on the work of the leading Disney animators from the 1930 onward. The book and its principles have become generally adopted and have been referred as the Bible of the Animation Industry. The principles are still having the great relevance or the computer graphics animation.

The 1996 Margin of Victory for U.S. House Incumbents :: Politics Political Election Government Essays

The 1996 Margin of Victory for U.S. House Incumbents In 1996, the American public reelected 357 members to the United States House of Representatives; of those running for reelection, 95% succeeded. Several congressmen received a large margin of victory over their political opponents, similar to election results of the past. Trends in American politics have been the overwhelming reelection rates of House incumbents as well as large margins of victory over challengers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing incumbents’ margin of victory in the 1996 Congressional elections. Literature Review Most recent research concentrates on the increasing trend at all levels of American government toward high reelection success. Paul Jacob explains that today, challengers have an exceedingly difficult time trying to defeat an incumbent. For example, incumbents who sought reelection in the 1988 general election had a 96% success rate and 98% in 1990. Though the percentage decreased in 1992 because of House scandals, the general election rate for incumbents still remained high at 93% (Jacob, 1994: 30). This is not a new phenomenon as approximately 92% of all incumbent representatives have been reelected since World War II. Even in a year with a lower percentage such as 1992, Davidson and Oleszek emphasize that "turnover [in the House] resulted more from retirements (many involuntary) than from electoral defeats" (Davidson, 1994: 63). Drawing upon existing literature, Alford and Brady in Congress Reconsidered have suggested four main reasons for this reelection phenomenon. The reasons are as follows: (1) congressional district lines drawn to favor incumbents; (2) increase resources of incumbent members; (3) weak congressional challengers; and (4) weak party identification of voters (150 and 151). The latter three explanations are supported by current research; however, the first theory is not. By examining similar trends in the Senate, which does not use district lines, researchers have concluded that congressional district lines do not favor incumbents and are not an explanation for high incumbency reelection rates (151). However, much research has demonstrated that incumbents are usually rewarded on election days because of numerous factors. These factors include congressional perquisites such as campaign funding, franking privileges, and extensive media coverage. As a result, they often face weaker challengers because of such effective use of these perquisites (Erikson and Wright, 1993: 99, 101). Finally, American voters do not strongly identify with one party as in the past. More people are declaring themselves independent, and consequently, they are voting for the individual rather than for the party with whom they identify.

Mkt 421 Week 3 Learning Team Submission

Starbucks has a specific target audience for the company’s soup line. According to â€Å"Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? † (2012), â€Å"This audience is adult male and adult females from the ages of twenty-five to forty years old. This is approximately half of Starbucks total business† (para. 3). The company has another large target market audience. According to â€Å"Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? † (2012), â€Å"Starbucks’ second largest target market is forty percent of its business. This audience is between the ages of eight-teen to twenty-four† (para. 4).This helps the company to target a mature audience that will appreciate the wholesome goodness of the company’s soup line. One potently large target market the soup line will open up is catering business lunches. This will open up corporate America to the value that Starbucks presents. This corporate customer will not only purchase soup, but will also be able to purchase c offee with the order. This audience already consumes the company’s’ coffee, but goes elsewhere for their meal plans. This is also an attempt to gain customers from fast food establishments that would like a more upscale dining experience.This experience along with the other things like internet access is what Starbucks offers its customers. Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience?. (2012). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/starbucks-target-audience-10553. html It might be argued that Starbucks is no more than a fast food company paralleling such chains as McDonalds, Wendy’s, and Taco Bell. The company appears to provide the same basic service customers expect from a fast food giant. One sharp marketing contrast however, consistently has Starbucks standing out far above the others.Starbucks Corporation counts on the same customers visiting their local stores daily and sometimes multiple times in a day. Most fast food chains cannot typically tout such a cl aim. Starbucks’ customer base is not necessarily specific to age, gender, or cultural origin. Starbucks customers are those who buy-in to the sophisticated image of the â€Å"Siren,† and all she represents. Many Americans have always loved good coffee and coffee drinking as a social event. Starbucks capitalizes on this tradition and caters to the coffee house crowd.In the minds of many, coffee houses represent a rather bohemian genre of artists, poets, and scholars. Starbucks customers know there is a bit of the coffee house crowd in all of us. The company markets a sense of social freedom that has timeless appeal. Starbucks customers like the feeling of exclusivity that being a Starbucks customer provides. Knowing the quirky Starbucks language is an example that is exclusively Starbucks. Starbucks language is a kind of mix of Italian and English. For example, beverage preparers are referred to as â€Å"baristas. Beverage titles like â€Å"caramel macchiato,† a nd â€Å"Triple, Vente, no foam, three Splenda, skinny, latte,† are fun to say and make the customer feel worldly and sophisticated. Ordering the exclusively Starbucks â€Å"frappacino† satisfies that strange attraction Americans seem to have toward all things European; never mind that the trademarked word frappacino is not a real word in any language. In addition, Starbucks customers value time and are often master jugglers and multitaskers. Schedules that often overlap career, academics, and family needs are common among Starbucks customers.The new, â€Å"Cup of Comfort† line of gourmet soups provides customers a way to grab a healthy bite of lunch or dinner without interrupting an already busy day. Soccer mom can swing through the drive through so little Bobby or Jennifer can eat a healthy meal before practice and mom can get a quick boost to keep her going. â€Å"Cup of Comfort,† adds an appealing element to the Starbucks menu and satisfies a need for something substantial and healthy in customers’ diets during an afternoon or evening visit to this favorite gathering place.